
咖啡樹 Coffea arabica
The little evergreen coffee tree began life somewhere near the forested mountains of southwestern Ethiopia, and its broad, elliptical leaves with crinkled edges, shiny and dark above and pastel-pale underneath, still prefer the shade. In full flower, coffee is a spellbinding but ephemeral joy; for just a couple of days, thousands of delicate white blossoms with a light fragrance of honeysuckle and jasmine can festoon a single tree. The smoothly oval fruits ripen to pillar-box red; their thin layer of edible flesh tastes of watermelon and apricot and surrounds a pair of deeply grooved seeds that are the familiar coffee ‘beans’. *
低矮的長綠咖啡樹原生於伊索匹亞西南方茂密森林的山上,葉寛橢圓形,葉緣皺起似波浪,葉面油亮深綠,葉背粉白,喜生樹蔭之下。
盛花期,咖啡花很迷人但開得短暫。只消幾天,一株咖啡樹上就能開上數千朶散發著類似忍冬和茉莉清香的白色精美小花。
渾橢圓狀的果實成熟後呈現亮紅色,可以吃的薄薄果肉,嚐起來有西瓜和杏的味道。果肉內包著由一對緊緊對生黏長在一起的種子,那就是我們熟知的咖啡「豆」。
…..
咖啡果實演化成的樣貌,吸引猴子和鳥類來掠食。他們吃了咖啡果實,消化了果肉但不會傷到咖啡豆,排出依然可以發牙。
印尼的麝香貓咖啡(kopi luwak coffe), 就是用亞洲麝貓(Asia palm civets)排遺中的咖啡豆烘烤而成,順口而且有土味,為鍾愛者所喜。
一株咖啡樹上,咖啡果實不會同時成熟,因此採摘咖啡豆只能靠人,費時費力費人工。
咖啡內有提神的咖啡因,在禁止飲酒的回教徒中深受歡迎。穆斯林喝咖啡的風氣,從葉門開始,迅速擴大至整個伊斯蘭世界。
The coffee tree didn’t develop caffeine for our benefit. When its leaves die and drop, their caffeine leaches into the soil, impeding the germination and growth of competing plants, and it is also a defense, sometimes a lethal one, against various insects and fungi. It is therefore surprising that coffee and even some unrelated citrus plants put caffeine in their nectar, which, after all, is meant to reward insects for ferrying pollen to other plants…*
咖啡樹會發展出咖啡因,並不是為了人類的福祉的。
它們的葉子老死掉落之後,咖啡因就會滲入到樹下的土壤𥚃,阻止其他競爭的植物發芽或生長。
咖啡因也是一種防衞機制,有時候還會致命,用來對付各種昆蟲和真菌。
令人驚訝的是,不只咖啡樹,甚至不同種類的柑橘類植物,會把咖啡因分泌在花蜜𥚃,用來報答並吸引傳遞花粉的昆蟲……
……
在19世紀末,亞洲的阿拉比卡咖啡樹(Coffea arabica), 受到咖啡葉銹病(coffee leaf rust)的侵襲而全軍覆沒。農民改種羅布斯塔 (Robusta, Coffea canephora)咖啡樹。
羅布斯塔的咖啡味道比較豪邁(harsher),泡成義式咖啡可以。但是比較講究味道層次的,一般還是得用上阿拉比卡的咖啡豆才可以。
在野外,還有120種咖啡樹,大都長在非洲的熱帶地區。
*:Jonathan Drori, “Around the world in 80 plants,“ 2021,Laurence King Publishing
P.S. 2020/8/26 攝於高雄那瑪夏,台灣原住民種鄉道旁的咖啡樹,正在採摘。
2025/11/11 咖啡樹 Coffea arabica Damakey



