
蓖麻 Ricinus communis
菎麻原生於非洲的東北角,羅馬人將之引種到義大利,妝點他們的家園。
In their native habitat, castor bean plants have evolved a mutually fulfilling relationship with ants. The seeds(1 centimeter/ 1/2 inch long) have a little nodule, an elaiosome, on one end, which is especially rich in fat and protein. Groups of ants carry seeds to their nests, feed the nourishing oily parts to their larvae, then jettison the still viable seeds on the colony’s refuse pile nearby. The seedlings, so meticulously planted on rich fertilizer, have an immediate advantage, and such seed dispersal by ants has a melodious name: ‘myrmecochory’.*
在原生地,蓖麻和某些螞蟻形成共利的關係。
螞蟻把蓖麻籽扛回巢穴,用其中富含油脂和蛋白質的的部分餵養幼蟲,剩下的蓖麻籽就和營養的排遺堆在一起,創造蓖麻籽發芽成長的良好環境。
這種透過螞蟻傳播種籽的方式,就稱為「蟻媒傳播」(Myrmecochory)
True to its membership of the Euphorbia family — many of which harbor toxins and caustic chemicals—castor seeds contain ricin, one of the world’s deadliest poisons. In bloodstream, just half of one thousandth of a gram can kill…
大㦸科(Euphorbia family)的植物,大多有毒並俱有腐蝕性的化學物質。
蓖麻籽有蓖麻毒素(ricin),世界上最致命的毒物之一。在血液中,只消千分之0.5公克即可能致命。
……
在煉製蓖麻油的過程中,蓖麻毒素會失效,因此蓖麻油無毒。
在19世紀,蓖麻油是一種瀉藥,味苦,是父母拿來哄小孩喝下以治便秘的良方。
在二次世界大戰中,義大利的莫索里尼法西斯政權,為了侮辱政敵或進行刑求,會強迫囚犯喝下蓖麻油,以致在義大利,蓖麻油蒙上了非常負面的印記。
因此,在義大利文中,I’olio di ricino (to use castor oil 餵食蓖麻油), 和「強迫、虐待」(to coerce or abuse),變得幾乎是同義詞了。
*:Jonathan Drori, “Around the world in 80 plants,“ 2021,Laurence King Publishing
P.S. 相片於2025/4/4 攝於西班牙巴塞隆納 #菎麻
2025/11/6 蓖麻 Ricinus communis Damakey


