天文學家依照對宇宙的研究來推論，我們所存在的宇宙最終一切會歸於死寂。這似乎很悲觀，但是那是很久很久以後的事，正如宇宙是很久很久以前誕生的，而太陽系也是，所以人生不滿百年的人，是如此微不足道，實在也沒有什麼足夠的能力去越級打怪來悲觀才對。
由高速粒子加速器，量子物理找到了宇宙大爆炸最原始粒子的證據，夸克、膠子、輕子(渺子、濤子、電子微中子、渺子微中子、濤子微中子)等等，世界上所有的物質，都是由這些基本的粒子所組成的。
最玄的是粒子和反粒子的理論，推而廣之，就是一個粒子的世界對應著一個反粒子的世界，它們是同時存在的，是平行時空，或者叫做多重宇宙(multiverse)。
行文至此，看似乎人類很厲害，前述量子物理的範疇，有助於我們了解宇宙中的物質，但是物質只約佔宇宙的5%。宇宙中的暗物質和暗能量約佔其餘的95%，而這部份是我們尚未理解的。
美國前國防部長在回答記者提問，關於伊拉克是否有大規模的毀滅性武器時，做了以下有名的回答(沒有回答的回答)：
“…there are known knowns; there are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns — the ones we don’t know we don’t know.”
– Donald Rumsfeld
物質佔宇宙的5%，這勉強是known knowns(已知的已知)。
暗物質和暗能量佔宇宙約95%，這是known unknowns(已知的未知)。
那麼，是否還有unknown unknowns(未知的未知)呢？
Unknown knowns(未知的已知)所以要勤於探究學習。再加上known unknowns(已知的未知)和unknown unknowns(未知的未知)，我們實在應該五體投地徹底謙卑。
在面對審判時，『……蘇格拉底的第一句話就確定了……主題：我不知道——哲學始於對無知的承認。蘇格拉底隨後表示，他所擁有的任何智慧都源於他知道自己一無所知。』
「知道自己一無所知」，就是屬於unknown knowns(未知的已知) + known unknowns(已知的未知) + unknown unknowns(未知的未知)吧！
如果美國有蘇格拉底，美國不用發動伊拉克戰爭，那麽會輕鬆省下2萬億美元呢！
節錄一些關於佔宇宙5%的物質的基本粒子的內容，於后跟大家分享：
When the temperature of the Big Bang material had reduced to some thousands of billions of degrees, the particles of which it was made had energies that are comparable to the highest energies reached in terrestrial particle accelerators, such as the Large Hadron Collider at the CERN laboratory in Geneva. The properties of fundamental particles established at places like CERN are properties that pertain to the earliest times in the Big Bang for which we have real evidence.
大爆炸後物質的溫度降到幾百億度的時候，它產生的粒子的能量類似地球上粒子加速器所能產生的最高能量，譬如日內瓦CERN 實驗室的Large Hadron Collider 就有這種能耐。CERN 實驗室所產生的基本粒子的特性，和大爆炸最初期相關物質的特性是一樣的，加速器讓我們找到了證據。
As described in Chapter 2, the Big Bang material right after cosmic inflation was made of a mixture of all the known fundamental particles, right down to the most fundamental particles currently known called quarks and gluons. These constituted the majority of particles at that time in a mixture known as a quark-gluon plasma.
Quarks are the building blocks of protons and similar particles; gluons are the particles that carry the strong force that binds the quarks. The plasma also contained leptons, including electrons and muons and neutrinos, and the particles that carry the forces that act between these, including high-energy photons.
大爆炸產生的物資造成宇宙迅速膨脹，那些物質的組成是已知的基本粒子，直指現今已知的基本粒子，稱為「夸克」和「膠子」的。它們在當時是主要的粒子，混合為「夸克-膠子電漿」。夸克是質子和其他類似粒子的構造內容；膠子的強大力量則可以把夸克結合在一起。那種電漿中也含有「輕子」，包括電子、「渺子」、「中微子」，以及對它們有作用力的其他粒子，包括高能量的光子。
As the Universe aged to 1 millisecond, the plasma had cooled enough for triplets of quarks to bind together with gluons to make protons (two up-quarks and a down-quark) and neutrons (two downs and an up) and their antiparticles. Protons and neutrons are called baryons, so this is the time at which baryonic matter – our kind of matter – came into existence.
宇宙誕生的千分之一秒，電漿降低的溫度足夠讓3個夸克和1個膠子結合為質子(2個上夸克和一個下夸克)和中子(2個下夸克和1個上夸克)，以及它們的反粒子。質子和中子是「重子」，使得這個時候有「重量」的物資，開始出現了。
What about dark matter? Did it come into existence during inflation, before the hot Big Bang, or was it during the Big Bang itself, in parallel with baryonic matter? When cosmologists know what dark matter is, they might be in a better position to say.
那麼「暗物質」呢？它是在宇宙大爆炸膨脹的過程中產生的，還是在大爆炸之前就存在，還是它是宇宙大爆炸時和其他的物質一起產生的？當宇宙學家對暗物質有真正的了解，他們或許才更有立場來解讀。
The mixture included antiparticles as well as particles, produced in almost equal numbers. Antiparticles are complementary to particles. If a particle meets its antiparticle, they mutually annihilate – the particle falls into a metaphorical hole where it fits exactly. The result is empty space and energy, which radiates away. It is theoretically possible for antiparticle galaxies to exist that are indistinguishable from ordinary galaxies. They would contain anti-suns, anti-planets and alien anti-beings. It would be unsafe for us to shake hands if we encountered such a person – we would together result in mutually assured destruction.
粒子和反粒子混合在一起，兩者的數量幾乎一樣。粒子碰上反粒子，它們會互相抵消——粒子好像掉入了一個完好密合的洞𥚃一樣。結果就是清空了的空間和能量，後者用輻射的方式釋放。理論上反星系可能是存在的，它們的存在和星系區分不出來。在反星系中可能會有反太陽、反星球、反人類。和反人類接觸連握手都是危險的，我們和對方會相互抵消而毀滅。
The symmetry in the Big Bang between particles and antiparticles was not precise. For every billion antiquarks, there were a billion and one quarks, so when they all had touched and annihilated each other there was one quark left over, which is why the Universe consists of matter with no antimatter (except on a very local scale for a very short time after a very rare particle physics event of some energetic sort).
大爆炸產生的粒子和反粒子的對稱性並不精確。每10億個反夸克，那兒可能有10億+1個夸克，所以當它們相互接觸而抵消的時候，最後會有1個夸克殘留下來，這是為什麼宇宙的物質沒有反物質(例外可能是發生於一個小規模在很短暫的時間內，某種高能量的量子物理事件之後)
*：Paul Murdin,”The Universe, A Biography,” 2022, Thames & Hudson Ttd, London
P.S. 相片是從南港土庫岳遠眺台北市區
2024/2/21 我知道自己一無所知 Damakey
