

The Amur falcon is a slim, dove-sized little raptor, slightly bigger than an American kestrel. The males are gray—darker above, paler below, with elegantly contrasting white wing linings and a splash of bright rufous on the thighs and undertail coverts. The females and juveniles are very different, their white undersides barred with black and lightly washed with buff on the chest, the face distinctly “mustached” after the fashion of most falcons. All ages and sexes have bright carmine legs and feet, and the Amur was long lumped with the very similar red-footed falcon of western and central Eurasia. Amur falcons, however, breed in woody margins and the edges of savannahs from eastern China and North Korea to parts of Siberia and Mongolia-an area one-third the size of the contiguous United States, and from which they make one of the longest migrations of any raptor in the world, some 8,000 miles one way to southern Africa.
阿穆爾隼是身材纖細有若鴿子般大小的猛禽,體型比美國隼大一點。雄隼是灰色的,身體上半部顏色深一點而下半部色顏色則淡一點,腿上有一道亮紅褐色的羽毛,尾下覆羽顏色亦同。雌隼和未成年隼則很不一樣,它們白色的腹羽有條狀黑色斑紋,胸際有淡淡的米色刷過,臉上明顯好像長了鬚羽,這是大部分的隼都俱有的特色。不論什麼年齡或性別,都有胭脂紅的腿和腳,因此阿穆爾隼常常與西部和中部歐亞地區有紅色腳看起來相似的隼混為一談。而其實,阿穆爾隼繁殖於林緣和稀樹草原,分佈在中國、北韓到部分的西伯利亞和蒙古之間,範圍大約是美國整個面積的三分之一。從那𥚃,它們進行全球所有猛禽中最漫長的越冬遷徙,長達8000英里(約12,874公里),一路飛,飛到非洲的南部。
Some of the other migrants passing through eastern India take the most direct path, obstacles be damned. As we’ve seen, bar-headed geese fly at nosebleed altitudes of more than four and a half miles through the Himalayas en route to southern India, and ruddy shelducks taking the same path-the highest migratory route in the world—have been tracked at only slightly lower altitudes.
有些通過東印度的候鳥,盡可能採取的是直線飛行,那就必須越過詛咒的障礙。我們都知道,斑頭雁飛到會流鼻血的高度,高於4.5英里(7.2公里),來越過喜馬拉雅山脈到東印度。瀆鳧(赤麻鴨)也是採取一樣的飛行,是世界上海拔最高的路線,但只有在海拔比前述的高度低一點點的位置被偵測過。
The falcons avoid this frigid, oxygen-starved approach by swinging east and south, skirting the edge of the Tibetan Plateau through the lower hills of southeastern China, northern Vietnam, and Laos, then turning northwest through Myanmar and into this finger of India.
阿穆爾隼則是避開了冰凍、缺氧的路線,它們飛往偏東和偏南約方向,從青康藏高原東南側比較低的中國山區繞過,經北越、寮國,轉西北穿過緬甸,然後進入印度向東凸指過來的地方。
But having avoided one record-setting migratory trial, they face another even more daunting, for after leaving India they make the greatest over-water crossing of any bird of prey, traversing as much as 2,400 miles across the Indian Ocean to Africa. The hot-air thermals and deflection currents that assist migrating raptors over land, allowing them to soar for hours and save energy, are largely absent over the ocean, meaning that the falcons must beat their wings continuously on their transoceanic trip, which may take them four or five days. If they’re to survive, it’s absolutely critical that they top off their tanks before they leave land.
但是,為了避開創紀錄般的困難遷徙路線的挑戰,它們卻必須面對令人不寒而慄的挑戰,在離開印度大陸之後,它們必須飛越所有掠食性鳥類經歷最長遠的水路,在海上飛2,400英里(約3,862公里),穿過阿拉伯海到達非洲。在陸地上,有上昇的熱空氣及偏向的氣流,供候鳥借力使力。但是在海面上,隼鳥只能靠自己的力量拼命鼓動翅膀,而且必須持續4或5天。為了生存,它們在啓程之前,一定要加滿油(儲備足夠能量)才可以。
And so in late October and early November, the migrant falcons pause for some weeks in Nagaland. At this same time of year, just after the monsoon, there is a great stirring underground as countless subterranean termite colonies prepare for the mating season. These termites make no above-ground mounds, like those in other parts of Asia or Africa, but live out of sight most of the year. In autumn, though, worker termites chew tunnels to the surface, out of which emerge trillions of winged, inch-long fertile adults known as alates, which rise into the sky in vast mating flights, the air twinkling as sunlight flashes off their transparent wings. The fat-rich termites are the perfect food for an insectivorous falcon about to risk an ocean crossing, and the Amurs gorge.
所以在10月底到11月初之間,阿穆爾隼會在印度東北邊臨接緬甸的那加蘭地區停留幾個星期。那個時候,雨季剛剛結束,地底下的土棲性白蟻準備交配而騷動了起來。這些白蟻不會像亞洲和非洲其他的白蟻把蟻塜建在地上,所以一年到頭幾乎不見它們的蹤影。在秋天的時候,工蟻咬出前往地表的通道,飛出眾多長出翅膀的白蟻,這些約莫一吋長有繁殖能力的成蟻叫做翅蟻,昇到空中進行交配之旅,而它們正是吃昆蟲的隼鳥,在冒險飛越深洋之前補充能量最好的食物。飛到那加蘭的阿穆爾隼,莫不大塊朶頤。
…….
讀到這𥚃,長話短說,阿穆爾隼的如意算盤,卻曾因為當地人的濫殺,而面對滅絕的命運。
那加蘭在印度東北邊,和緬甸接壤,它的人種主要是藏人和緬甸人混血的後裔,自稱是「龍族」。那加人的「Nāgā」,就是「龍」的意思。他們是出了名的獵人,一直到二次世界大戰前後,都還有獵人頭的習俗。曾強力反抗英國對印度的統治,而遭到無情的清洗。而因緣際會在傳教士的苦心經營之下,那加蘭邦成為印度以基督教徒為主的三個邦之一(另外兩個則是其西邊的梅加拉亞邦和南邊的米佐拉姆邦),有90%的人信奉基督教。
因為地處偏遠又極為貧窮,所以當那加蘭的人民在發現每年有成千上萬的隼鳥光臨,就自然認為是上帝恩賜給他們的食物,而予以大量獵殺。
對阿穆爾隼而言,那加蘭充沛的長翅白蟻,就是它們為了飛越阿拉伯海最重要的食物,停留在那裡的幾個星期,在短時間內被大量獵殺,不是自然孵育可以補充的,那將陷阿穆爾隼於滅絕。
那加蘭的保育奇蹟,在於村民於知道這種獵殺對阿穆爾隼是無以為繼的時候,居然每個人轉身馬上變成保育的鬥士。這很不容易,因為一隻隼鳥可以賣到25盧比,如果估計每年被殺的隼鳥有14萬隻(這是低估,實際可能是這個好幾倍),那就約當是3.5萬盧比(美金5.6萬元),對一個赤貧的村落,這絕對是非常大的一筆收入和誘惑。
那加蘭的人民,轉寄望於未來可以吸引觀鳥的人潮,帶來收入。但是,那個地區非常偏遠,雨季經常沖斷道路,而往往也只是用推土機推開土石流讓泥路勉強維持通行而已,令人擔憂它的保育前景。
那加蘭的例子,也充分說明,飛行遙遠的候鳥的保育,是多麼的困難。不止是繁殖地和過冬的地方重要,它們中停進行補給的地方也很重要。在過去,我們甚至不完全了解候鳥是怎麼飛的,拜科技進步之賜,現在的位置追蹤器做得愈來愈小也愈精確,在繫放追蹤之際,可以更了解它們的去向,也可以把更小的鳥加入觀察的範圍。
台灣也是候鳥可能中停的地方,它們是千里往返的嬌客,為什麼要保護濕地,因為對它們而言,那就是大自然的冰箱,是加電、加油站,光想到它們接下來的旅程,我們除了不寒而慄,更要為它們的中停,奉上最豐盛的祝福。
*:Scott Weidensaul, “A World on the wind,” 2021, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
P.S. 相片來自維基百科,雄隼和雌隼
2024/2/6 Amur falcon 阿穆爾隼 Damakey
