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Jellyfish 水母

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“…jellies. They belong to the class Scyphozoa, in the phylum Cnidaria, which also includes corals.(A phylum is such a broad taxonomic category that humans, fish, snakes, frogs, and all other animals with a backbone belong to the same one —the chordates—as do salps, which are sometimes lumped with jellies.)…”

水母。在分類上是刺胞動物門(Cnidaria),缽水母綱(Scyphozoa)。珊瑚也在刺胞動物門內,只是在珊瑚綱(Anthozoa),和水母在同門不同綱。

門(phylum)是大分類,譬如人類、魚、蛇及其它有脊椎的動物,通通被歸類在脊索動物門(Chordata)之下,俗稱為「果凍魚」的樽海鞘也是,只是它看起來像水母,往往與水母混為一談,其實在分類上它們是很不一樣的。

“…When it comes to reproduction, they’re some of the most versatile creatures on the planet. Jellyfish can produce offspring both sexually and asexually; depending on the species, they may be able to create copies of themselves by dividing in two, or laying down little pods of cells, or spinning off tiny snowflake-shaped clones in a process known as strobilation.

水母的殖繁方式在地球上的生物裏算是最多樣化者之一,可以是有性生殖,也可以無性生殖。有些種類將自己一分為二就可產生新個體,有些只要排出一些細胞就可以繼續長成,有些則可以進行橫裂生殖,旋轉轉出像雪花一樣的複製子代也就可以了。

“…they’re part of a different subgroup, the siphonophores,…What looks like a single man-of-war is technically a colony that developed from the same embryo. Instead of growing larger, the embryo sprouts new “bodies,” which take on different functions. Some develop into tentacles, for example; others become reproductive organs.”

管水母(siphonophores),是刺胞動物門(Cnidaria) 水螅綱(Hydrozoa),和水母的刺胞動物門(Cnidaria) 缽水母綱(Scyphozoa)),歸類在不同的綱。

管水母看起來像僧帽水母。它長自同一個胚胎,而胚胎會出芽而各自發展成不同功能的器官,譬如有些變成觸手,有些變成生殖器。

“Then there are the ctenophores(pronounced TEH-nuh-fores), which are such oddballs that they’ve been placed in a phylum of their own. Also known as comb jellies, …, they tend to be small, delicate, and hard to study…”

櫛水母(ctenophores)非常與眾不同,因此被獨自列為一門,是為櫛水母動物門(Ctenophora)。

櫛水母很小,很精緻,很難研究。

(P.S. 台灣的墾丁也有櫛水母喔,『…成群的櫛水母(comb jelly)也讓人屏息。關上手電筒,這些海中的七彩霓虹不斷輪轉,恍如寧靜的夜店燈光。他們光芒太耀眼,有時我甚至連早上都看得見。然而,這樣的美麗,卻並不令人開心。因為水母大量爆發,是環境無聲的警訊。…』**)

“…Although some jellyfish species seem to thrive on human disturbance —off the coast of Namibia, for example, overfishing may have tipped the ecosystem into a new state dominated by compass and crystal jellyfish—other more finicky species appear to be declining. Researchers in a couple parts of the world have reported a drop in the number of jellyfish species they are encountering.”

雖然水母在某些地方因為人為的因素而大量增長,譬如位於非洲西南的納米比亞海岸,就因為魚類的過度捕撈,海洋生態失衡,而使得羅盤水母和水晶水母大量增生,但是其他對棲位比較挑剔的種類,則有減少的狀況。

在世界上有幾個地區的研究人員,已經報告了水母可見的種類有減少的情形。

“Scary, squishy, cool, brainless, mesmerizing—jellyfish are all of these and a whole lot more. Anatomically, they’re relatively simple animals; they lack not just brains, but also blood and bones, and possess only rudimentary sense organs…”

樣子看起來可怕的,摸起來軟軟、冷冷的,沒有腦,令人目眩神迷的,這些都可以拿來形容水母。在身體的解剖結構上,水母是相對簡單的動物,它們沒有腦、沒有血液、沒有骨頭,只有非常簡單的感覺器官。

P.S. 查了一下網路上關於水母大量增生的問題,『……水母大量爆發是個大問題:首先,漁業過度捕撈,造成天敵減少。第二是水質汙染,導致浮游生物增生,增加水母食物來源。第三,暖化造成洋流改變,水母也順著海流漂向各地。』***

水母是以浮游生物和小小魚為生的,是海洋生態中重要的一環,它的種類和數量的變化,值得大家的重視。然而究其根源,還在於過漁、水污染及全球暖化等等,對海洋生態系統的人為干擾,這些比較重要的根源性問題。

*: David Littschwager, “Octopus, seahorse, jellyfish,” National Geographic Partners, LLC.

**:〈墾丁成群的櫛水母(comb jelly)讓人屏息〉,陳徵蔚,2020年4月20日,Yahoo! 新聞

***:〈水母大爆發背後的警訊!學者憂心:2049年魚類滅絕,水母將統治海洋〉,上下游特約記者蘇建銘,2022 年 05 月 04 日,News&Market 上下游

P.S. 相片翻拍自該書水母部分的首頁

2023/8/9 Jellyfish 水母 Damakey

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