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熵(Entropy)

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能(Energy)和熵(Entropy)的概念是相對的。

Energy and Entropy rule the physical world. They compete and cooperate and their duel/duet gives rise to virtually all we observe around and within us: the rules of the game. At a first glance, this is yet another Ying-Yang story, Energy the Constructor, Entropy the Destroyer, ultimately Life versus Death. Reality is much subtler than that, because energy can destroy as well and, conversely, entropy comes with its own constructive power. Yet, this tragic Life versus Death metaphor is vigorously fuelled by the second principle, which informs us that, at the end of the day, the last word is always for (thermal) death, simply because this is the ultimate equilibrium, the pinnacle of stability. Depressing as it is, this picture says nothing about the microscopic why’s underneath thermodynamics, a crucial matter which we proceed to discuss in Chapter 9.

大意是說,我們這個世界最終的均衡,達到最穩定的狀態,是熱量的(thermal)完全消失殆盡的寂滅(death)。

巨觀的世界,依照三大熱力學(thermodynamics)的原理運作:

1. First Principle: the energy change in a thermodynamic process equals the heat absorbed minus the work performed in the course of the transformation. 

    系統內能的改變=吸收的熱量-對外做的功。

    dE= δQ-δW

    熱力學第一定律,也稱為能量守恆定律,基本上講的是系統內的能不會無端地消失,而是在熱量和功之間進行轉換。

    2. Second Principle: the entropy change of the Universe(system plus environment) in a thermodynamic process is always a positive or zero, the later condition denoting equilibrium.

      熵(S)的改變,永遠大於或等於0。熵不再改變(dS=0)代表最終的均衡。

      dS≥0

      熱力學第二定律,就是一般人引申說的,這個(封閉系統的)世界,會自然朝向最大亂度(熵, S)去發展。

      3. Third Principle: no material body can attain strictly zero temperature in Kelvin degree.

        沒有物質可以真正達到絕對溫度的0度,只能趨近,因為總是有能和熱在進行交換。

        T>0

        熵不是一個直觀的概念。

        簡而言之,熵是不能作功的能量的總和。

        熵的改變(dS)就定義為在某特定的溫度(T)之下,熱能交換的改變量(δQ):

        dS= δQ/T

        說明例子:

        當天氣很冷(譬如攝氏0度也就大約是絕對溫度273度),如果打開電暖器注入熱能(Q)使得溫度提高(譬如升到攝氏20度也就是大約絕對溫度293度),那麼熵的改變(dS)是多少呢?

        dS=-Q/293(電暖器流失到房間的熵)+Q/273(房間從電暖器增加的熵)>0!

        所以,溫差愈大,為了提升到特定温度,所改變(增加)的熵就愈大。這也是熵會變大,大自然會朝向更大的亂度去發展,一個無法避免的鐵則。

        能(量)是守恆的,能的高低和時間沒有關係。

        熵則是會隨著時間而增加(dS≥0),最後收斂到一個數字,所以被稱為「時間之箭」(arrow of time),從現在往未來發展而不可逆,這也就是俗稱的老化(aging)。

        熵的成長一開始可能是不穩定的,但到達到最後均衡的時候,熵不再改變,是熱能的消亡(thermal death),這是熵這個概念告訴我們的黑暗面。

        熵告訴我們這個世界的黑暗面,最後是寂滅(熱能的消亡thermal death),那對大家的啓示是什麼呢?

        當然,我們個人的寂滅先於這個世界,那個機率會高上很多,換句話說,我們似乎也不必太過於擔心熵那隻時間的箭,所指向的遙遠未來吧!

        *: Sauro Succinct, Sailing the Ocean of Complexity, 2022, Oxford University Press

        2024/11/1 熵 Damakey

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