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nerve, Adventures in the Science of Fear

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您心中有特定的恐懼嗎?不用害怕,現在有簡單的方法和藥物可以醫治。

什麼是恐懼(Fear)?

美國心理學先驅Granville Stanley Hall(1844-1924),把恐懼(Fear)定義為「對痛苦的預期」(the anticipation of pain)。*

傳統對恐懼(Fear)的看法是,一旦在心裏已經形成了,就根深蒂固而無法改變,這就是所謂的「固化理論」(Consolidation theory)。

治療恐懼(Fear),有所謂的「減敏療法」(Exposure therapy),透過患者不斷直面恐懼,而逐漸降低其對恐懼的敏感度而產生療效。

然而,依照「固化理論」看來,「減敏療法」的效果,註定有限。

曾在University of Amsterdam 任職的Merel Kindt 教授,有一個神奇的辦法,可以治癒恐懼(Fear)。

In 2013, Kindt recruited subjects who were very afraid of spiders—one of the most common phobias, and a fear that is also relatively easy to control in a laboratory setting. She instructed the participants to approach a terrarium that held a tarantula inside. Most of the participants struggled even to look at it. After two minutes, Kindt took them to another room and gave them either propranolol or a placebo. A few days later, Kindt put them back in the room with the spider. Every single participant in the propranolol group was able to approach the tarantula and, even more incredibly, reach out and touch its hairy abdomen with a finger. A year later, the propranolol group still reported levels of spider fear so low they would not have qualified for the study in the first place.**

大意:Merel Kindt 教授在2013年針對蛛蜘恐懼症患者所做的實驗。她先讓這些患者接近玻璃杯中的毛蜘蛛(捕鳥蛛),以喚起他們心中的恐懼。兩分鐘之後,Merel Kindt 教授帶他們到另外一個房間,依照實驗組和對照組,分別請他們分別吃下心率調整錠(propranolol)或安慰劑(placebo)。

幾天之後把患者召回,發現吃下心率調整錠(propranolol)的患者都克服了恐懼,變得能夠接近甚至接觸毛蜘蛛(捕鳥蛛),而且在一年後還保持這樣的效果。而吃安慰劑的患者,對毛蜘蛛(捕鳥蛛)則依然感到恐懼,沒有任何改變。

……

Merel Kindt 教授的研究,發想於當時任職於美國紐約大學的Karim Nader,在2000年發佈在 Nature雜誌上,關於成功改變老鼠恐懼心理的實驗。

Nader theorized that old memories were made “labile” whenever they were recalled, and required further protein synthesis in order to remain usable in future situations. In other words, under the right circumstances, our memories could be changed.**

大意:Nader的理論是,每當心裏的恐懼被喚起的時候,恐懼的記憶就變得不穩定了,需要進一步的蛋白合成才能再度固化它。換句話說,在這個時候,恐𢣷的記憶就可能被(藥物)改變。

Merel Kindt 教授對恐懼的實驗療法,改用對人副作用比較小的心率調整錠(propranolol),作為干擾恐懼記憶再度固化的藥物。

心率調整錠(propranolol),是蘇格蘭藥理學家詹姆士·懷特·布拉克爵士(Sir James W. Black,1924-2010)所發明的,是一種Beta 受體阻斷劑,用來治療心絞痛,他因此在1988年獲頒諾貝爾獎獎。

布拉克爵士大概沒有想到,那種藥也可以用來讓人減輕恐懼的印記。

讓患者不再感到恐懼,真是大功大德啊!

*:Eva Holland, nerve, Adventures in the Science of Fear, 2020, The Experiment, LLC.

**: Ben Crair, 〈The Cure For Fear, Scientists have discovered a radical new way to treat our most traumatic memories〉, May 2, 2016, New Republic 

2024/10/31 nerve, Adventures in the Science of Fear Damakey

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