{"id":37638,"date":"2024-11-01T14:34:47","date_gmt":"2024-11-01T06:34:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=37638"},"modified":"2024-11-19T14:39:33","modified_gmt":"2024-11-19T06:39:33","slug":"%e7%86%b5entropy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=37638","title":{"rendered":"\u71b5(Entropy)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u80fd(Energy)\u548c\u71b5(Entropy)\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u76f8\u5c0d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Energy and Entropy rule the physical world. They compete and cooperate and their duel\/duet gives rise to virtually all we observe around and within us: the rules of the game. At a first glance, this is yet another Ying-Yang story, Energy the Constructor, Entropy the Destroyer, ultimately Life versus Death. Reality is much subtler than that, because energy can destroy as well and, conversely, entropy comes with its own constructive power. Yet, this tragic Life versus Death metaphor is vigorously fuelled by the second principle, which informs us that, at the end of the day, the last word is always for (thermal) death, simply because this is the ultimate equilibrium, the pinnacle of stability. Depressing as it is, this picture says nothing about the microscopic why’s underneath thermodynamics, a crucial matter which we proceed to discuss in Chapter 9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5927\u610f\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u5747\u8861\uff0c\u9054\u5230\u6700\u7a69\u5b9a\u7684\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u662f\u71b1\u91cf\u7684(thermal)\u5b8c\u5168\u6d88\u5931\u6b86\u76e1\u7684\u5bc2\u6ec5(death)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5de8\u89c0\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4f9d\u7167\u4e09\u5927\u71b1\u529b\u5b78(thermodynamics)\u7684\u539f\u7406\u904b\u4f5c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. First Principle: the energy change in a thermodynamic process equals the heat absorbed minus the work performed in the course of the transformation.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    \u7cfb\u7d71\u5167\u80fd\u7684\u6539\u8b8a=\u5438\u6536\u7684\u71b1\u91cf-\u5c0d\u5916\u505a\u7684\u529f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    dE= \u03b4Q-\u03b4W<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u71b1\u529b\u5b78\u7b2c\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u4e5f\u7a31\u70ba\u80fd\u91cf\u5b88\u6046\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u8b1b\u7684\u662f\u7cfb\u7d71\u5167\u7684\u80fd\u4e0d\u6703\u7121\u7aef\u5730\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u71b1\u91cf\u548c\u529f\u4e4b\u9593\u9032\u884c\u8f49\u63db\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2. Second Principle: the entropy change of the Universe(system plus environment) in a thermodynamic process is always a positive or zero, the later condition denoting equilibrium.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      \u71b5(S)\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u6c38\u9060\u5927\u65bc\u6216\u7b49\u65bc0\u3002\u71b5\u4e0d\u518d\u6539\u8b8a(dS=0)\u4ee3\u8868\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u5747\u8861\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      dS\u22650<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u71b1\u529b\u5b78\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u5f15\u7533\u8aaa\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u500b(\u5c01\u9589\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684)\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u6703\u81ea\u7136\u671d\u5411\u6700\u5927\u4e82\u5ea6(\u71b5, S)\u53bb\u767c\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      3. Third Principle: no material body can attain strictly zero temperature in Kelvin degree.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        <\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        \u6c92\u6709\u7269\u8cea\u53ef\u4ee5\u771f\u6b63\u9054\u5230\u7d55\u5c0d\u6eab\u5ea6\u76840\u5ea6\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u8da8\u8fd1\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u7e3d\u662f\u6709\u80fd\u548c\u71b1\u5728\u9032\u884c\u4ea4\u63db\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        T>0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u71b5\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u76f4\u89c0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u7c21\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u71b5\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u529f\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u7e3d\u548c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u71b5\u7684\u6539\u8b8a(dS)\u5c31\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u5728\u67d0\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6eab\u5ea6(T)\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u71b1\u80fd\u4ea4\u63db\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\u91cf(\u03b4Q):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        dS= \u03b4Q\/T<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u8aaa\u660e\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u7576\u5929\u6c23\u5f88\u51b7(\u8b6c\u5982\u651d\u6c0f0\u5ea6\u4e5f\u5c31\u5927\u7d04\u662f\u7d55\u5c0d\u6eab\u5ea6273\u5ea6)\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6253\u958b\u96fb\u6696\u5668\u6ce8\u5165\u71b1\u80fd(Q)\u4f7f\u5f97\u6eab\u5ea6\u63d0\u9ad8(\u8b6c\u5982\u5347\u5230\u651d\u6c0f20\u5ea6\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5927\u7d04\u7d55\u5c0d\u6eab\u5ea6293\u5ea6\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u71b5\u7684\u6539\u8b8a(dS)\u662f\u591a\u5c11\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        dS=-Q\/293(\u96fb\u6696\u5668\u6d41\u5931\u5230\u623f\u9593\u7684\u71b5)+Q\/273(\u623f\u9593\u5f9e\u96fb\u6696\u5668\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u71b5)>0!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u6eab\u5dee\u6108\u5927\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u63d0\u5347\u5230\u7279\u5b9a\u6e29\u5ea6\uff0c\u6240\u6539\u8b8a(\u589e\u52a0)\u7684\u71b5\u5c31\u6108\u5927\u3002\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u71b5\u6703\u8b8a\u5927\uff0c\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u6703\u671d\u5411\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u4e82\u5ea6\u53bb\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u7121\u6cd5\u907f\u514d\u7684\u9435\u5247\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u80fd(\u91cf)\u662f\u5b88\u6046\u7684\uff0c\u80fd\u7684\u9ad8\u4f4e\u548c\u6642\u9593\u6c92\u6709\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u71b5\u5247\u662f\u6703\u96a8\u8457\u6642\u9593\u800c\u589e\u52a0(dS\u22650)\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u6536\u6582\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u6578\u5b57\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u6642\u9593\u4e4b\u7bad\u300d(arrow of time)\uff0c\u5f9e\u73fe\u5728\u5f80\u672a\u4f86\u767c\u5c55\u800c\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4fd7\u7a31\u7684\u8001\u5316(aging)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u71b5\u7684\u6210\u9577\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5230\u9054\u5230\u6700\u5f8c\u5747\u8861\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u71b5\u4e0d\u518d\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u662f\u71b1\u80fd\u7684\u6d88\u4ea1(thermal death)\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u71b5\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u544a\u8a34\u6211\u5011\u7684\u9ed1\u6697\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u71b5\u544a\u8a34\u6211\u5011\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u9ed1\u6697\u9762\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u662f\u5bc2\u6ec5(\u71b1\u80fd\u7684\u6d88\u4ea1thermal death)\uff0c\u90a3\u5c0d\u5927\u5bb6\u7684\u5553\u793a\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u7576\u7136\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5bc2\u6ec5\u5148\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u90a3\u500b\u6a5f\u7387\u6703\u9ad8\u4e0a\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u592a\u904e\u65bc\u64d4\u5fc3\u71b5\u90a3\u96bb\u6642\u9593\u7684\u7bad\uff0c\u6240\u6307\u5411\u7684\u9059\u9060\u672a\u4f86\u5427\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        *: Sauro Succinct, Sailing the Ocean of Complexity, 2022, Oxford University Press<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        2024\/11\/1 \u71b5 Damakey<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        \u80fd(Energy)\u548c\u71b5(Entropy)\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u76f8\u5c0d\u7684\u3002 E…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37638","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-3"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37638","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=37638"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37638\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":37640,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37638\/revisions\/37640"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=37638"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=37638"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=37638"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}