{"id":37421,"date":"2024-04-13T20:46:00","date_gmt":"2024-04-13T12:46:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=37421"},"modified":"2024-06-20T20:48:35","modified_gmt":"2024-06-20T12:48:35","slug":"the-paradox-of-water","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=37421","title":{"rendered":"The paradox of water"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"37422\" src=\"https:\/\/damakey.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/734705119.075957-683x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-37422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/damakey.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/734705119.075957-683x1024.jpeg 683w, https:\/\/damakey.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/734705119.075957-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/damakey.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/734705119.075957-768x1152.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/damakey.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/734705119.075957-585x878.jpeg 585w, https:\/\/damakey.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/734705119.075957.jpeg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6c34\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u6eb6\u5291\uff0c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6771\u897f\u90fd\u80fd\u6eb6\u65bc\u6c34\u3002\u9019\u500b\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6eb6\u65bc\u6c34\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u7269\u8cea\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u9032\u51fa\u7d30\u80de\uff0c\u6c34\u56e0\u6b64\u6210\u70ba\u751f\u7269\u751f\u5316\u53cd\u61c9\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u800c\u6c34\u7684\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u9762\uff0c\u6b63\u4e5f\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5e7e\u4e4e\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6771\u897f\u90fd\u80fd\u6eb6\u65bc\u6c34\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u6709\u5bb3\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u7269\u8cea\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u6709\u5bb3\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u65e9\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u5927\u81ea\u7136\ud855\ude83\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u6392\u653e\u7684\u5ee2\u68c4\u7269\u8cea\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u73fe\u4ee3\u4eba\u8981\u6709\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u6c34\u559d\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6c34\u6e90\u8981\u5920\u4e7e\u6de8\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u5148\u904e\u6ffe\u6d88\u6bd2\u5f8c\u624d\u80fd\u98f2\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u98f2\u7528\u6c34\u7684\u5c31\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u662f\u8981\u627e\u5230\u6c92\u6709\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u6c34\u6e90\u5730\uff0c\u52a0\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8b77\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6c34\u53ea\u8981\u7d93\u904e\u76f8\u5c0d\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u8655\u7406\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u9001\u5230\u7528\u6236\u7684\u5bb6\u4e2d\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6c34\u6e90\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6392\u9664\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6c61\u67d3\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6de8\u6c34\u5ee0\u7684\u8655\u7406\u58d3\u529b\u5c31\u6bd4\u8f03\u5927\uff0c\u6de8\u6c34\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8981\u52a0\u85e5\u6c34(\u8b6c\u5982\u6c2f)\u6d88\u6bd0\uff0c\u6216\u4e2d\u548c\u6c34\u7684\u9178\u9e7c\u8cea\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8981\u7528\u5230\u96e2\u5b50\u4ea4\u63db\u6216\u9006\u6ef2\u900f\u819c\u7b49\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u4f46\u90a3\u4e9b\u6210\u672c\u5c31\u5f88\u9ad8\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe paradox of water\u201d\u9019\u672c\u66f8\uff0c\u8b1b\u7684\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u98f2\u7528\u6c34\u7684\u6cd5\u898f\u3001\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u6c34\u8cea\u898f\u5b9a\uff0c\u53ca\u4e00\u822c\u5404\u5730\u6c34\u8cea\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee4\u6211\u9a5a\u8a1d\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u8d85\u7d1a\u5f37\u6b0a\uff0c\u5230\u8655\u53bb\u767c\u52d5\u6230\u722d\u7684\u7f8e\u570b\uff0c\u5c45\u7136\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u672c\u571f\u5f88\u591a\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u8fa6\u6cd5\u4fdd\u8b49\u81ea\u4f86\u6c34\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u6bd4\u8f03\u9109\u4e0b\u3001\u5c11\u6578\u6c11\u65cf(\u4e3b\u8981\u5c31\u662f\u9ed1\u4eba)\u3001\u7aae\u82e6\u4eba\u5011\u5c45\u4f4f\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\uff0c\u98f2\u7528\u6c34\u7684\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u5c0d\u8ca7\u82e6\u5927\u773e\u53ca\u9ed1\u4eba\u7684\u6b67\u8996\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u7d10\u7d04\u5e02\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u82b1\u9322\u88dc\u52a9\u539f\u4f86\u4f4f\u5728\u6c34\u6e90\u5340\u7684\u4eba\u5011\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d6\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u4e7e\u6de8\u7684\u539f\u6c34\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u592a\u904e\u5ea6\u7684\u8655\u7406\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f9b\u7d6690%\u7684\u5e02\u6c11\u98f2\u7528\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u897f\u5357\u5730\u5340\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u7a2e\u72c0\u6cc1\u3002\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u65bc\u6c34\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u8655\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u6295\u8cc7\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4f5c\u8005\u4e5f\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u98f2\u7528\u6c34\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u570b\u6c11\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u6c92\u6709\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u52a0\u4e0a\u6c34\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5404\u7a2e\u6709\u5bb3\u7684\u5de5\u696d\u5316\u5b78\u7269\u8cea\uff0c\u5c0d\u5b55\u5a66\u3001\u5b30\u5152\u7522\u751f\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u4e5f\u6613\u65bc\u7f79\u60a3\u764c\u75c7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9019\u8b93\u6211\u60f3\u5230\u6211\u5011\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u6c34\u8cea\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u98f2\u7528\u6c34\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u53d6\u81ea\u6c34\u5eab\u6216\u6cb3\u5ddd\u7684\u6c34\uff0c\u52a0\u4ee5\u6de8\u5316\u8655\u7406\u4e4b\u5f8c\u800c\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u770b\u904e\u53f0\u7063\u6240\u6709\u6c34\u5eab\u6c34\u8cea\u76e3\u6e2c\u5831\u544a\u7684\u4eba\u5c31\u80fd\u660e\u77ad\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u6c34\u5eab\u4e2d\u6c34\u8cea\u6700\u597d\u7684\u662f\u7fe1\u7fe0\u6c34\u5eab\uff0c\u800c\u90a3\u662f\u4f9b\u61c9\u7d66\u53f0\u5317\u5e02\u6c11(\u53ca\u64da\u8aaa\u6975\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u65b0\u5317\u5e02\u6c11)\u7684\u6c34\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5929\u9f8d\u570b\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6d6a\u5f97\u865b\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u65b0\u5317\u5e02\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u65b0\u5e97\u6eaa\u7684\u76f4\u6f6d\u5830\u548c\u5f8c\u4f86\u5728\u5927\u6f22\u6eaa\u6cb3\u5e8a\u4e0a\u7684\u9cf6\u5c71\u5830\uff0c\u662f\u4f4d\u65bc\u6c34\u6d41\u7684\u4e2d\u4e0b\u6d41\uff0c\u6e90\u6d41\u6c34\u8cea\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u8a00\u53ef\u55bb\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9ad8\u96c4\u5e02\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u53d6\u9ad8\u5c4f\u6eaa\u7684\u6c34\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2d\u4e0b\u6e38\u3002\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b89\u6170\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u53d6\u6c34\u9ede\u5927\u6a39\uff0c\u5728\u6392\u653e\u8c6c\u7cde\u6c34\u7684\u6b66\u6d1b\u6eaa\u5317\u908a\u4e0a\u6e38\u4e00\u9ede\u9ede\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u82b1\u84ee\u6bd4\u8f03\u6c92\u6709\u5de5\u696d\uff0c\u800c\u5b9c\u862d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5f9e\u4f86\u4e0d\u7f3a\u6c34\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u862d\u967d\u6eaa\u5e8a\u6feb\u58be\u7a2e\u6eff\u897f\u74dc\u548c\u9ad8\u9e97\u83dc\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u80a5\u6599\u53ca\u8fb2\u85e5\u7684\u6b98\u7559\uff0c\u90fd\u6703\u6d41\u5411\u862d\u967d\u5e73\u539f\uff0c\u5c0d\u6c34\u8cea\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u6703\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8b1b\u5230\u80a5\u6599\u548c\u8fb2\u85e5\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u63d0\u5927\u7532\u6eaa\u4e0a\u6e38\u7684\u7684\u68a8\u5c71\/\u74b0\u5c71\u90e8\u843d\uff0c\u6fc1\u6c34\u6eaa\u548c\u5927\u809a\u6eaa\/\u5317\u6e2f\u6eaa\u4e0a\u6e38\u7684\u6e05\u5883\u8fb2\u5834\uff0c\u5728\u4e0b\u6e38\u662f\u8ab0\u6703\u559d\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u6d41\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u6c34\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u65b0\u7af9\u5e02\u4e3b\u8981\u5411\u982d\u524d\u6eaa\u4e0b\u6e38\u7684\u9686\u6069\u5830\u53d6\u6c34\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u4e0a\u6e38\u7684\u5de5\u5ee0\u53ca\u4f4f\u5bb6\u6392\u653e\u7684\u5ee2\u6c34\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u751a\u81f3\u9084\u66fe\u770b\u5230\u7af9\u6771\u5783\u573e\u5806\u653e\u800c\u6ea2\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u5ee2\u6c34\u5462\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7136\u5f8c\u662f\u5de5\u696d\u5ee2\u6c34\u2026\u2026\u53f0\u7063\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u5de5\u696d\u5340\uff0c\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u5916\u6d77\u6d41\u653e\u7ba1\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u77e5\u9053\u6211\u5011\u74b0\u5883\u627f\u53d7\u7684\u58d3\u529b\u3002\u79d1\u6280\u696d\u7684\u8b77\u570b\u795e\u5c71\u4e0d\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u4ee3\u50f9\u7684\u3002\u7576\u6211\u770b\u5230\u53f0\u4e2d\u67d0\u4f4d\u91ab\u751f\u516c\u4f48\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u5b78\u7684\u67d0\u500b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u57f7\u696d\u4e0a\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u764c\u75c7\u5c31\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u897f\u5074\u6cb3\u5ddd\u4e0b\u6e38\u548c\u6d77\u5cb8\u908a\uff0c\u6211\u5c45\u7136\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u611f\u5230\u9a5a\u8a1d\u5462\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53f0\u7063\u5f97\u5929\u7368\u539a\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u98b1\u98a8\u5e36\u4f86\u8c50\u6c9b\u7684\u96e8\u6c34\u3002\u4f46\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u6eaa\u6d41\u77ed\u4fc3\uff0c\u6c34\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e26\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u3002\u6839\u64da\u570b\u969b\u6c34\u5354\u6703\uff08IWA\uff09\u8abf\u67e5\uff0c2021\u5e74\u53f0\u7063\u5e73\u5747\u5bb6\u6236\u6c34\u50f9\u70ba\u6bcf\u5ea69.24\u5143\uff08\u53f0\u6c34\u6bcf\u5ea69.84\u5143\u3001\u5317\u6c34\u6bcf\u5ea68.64\u5143\uff09\uff0c\u6392\u540d\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4f4e\u3002(\u8cc7\u6599\u4f86\u81ea\u7db2\u8def)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u5ea6\u6c34\u5c31\u662f1000\u516c\u5347\uff0c\u624d\u4e0d\u52301\u500b10\u5143\u9285\u677f\uff0c\u6c34\u50f9\u90a3\u9ebc\u4fbf\u5b9c\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u9020\u6210\u5927\u5bb6\u4e0d\u73cd\u60dc\u6c34\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u514d\u9020\u6210\u6d6a\u8cbb\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u89ba\u5f97\u4e0d\u53ef\u601d\u8b70\u30022019\u5e74\u52302023\u5e74(\u56db\u5e74?\uff09\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u98b1\u98a8\u904e\u9580\u800c\u4e0d\u5165\u9020\u6210\u7684\u9577\u671f\u65f1\u8c61\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u61c9\u8a18\u61b6\u7336\u65b0\u3002\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u6c34\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u770b\u5929\u5403\u98ef\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u9650\u5236\u5730\u8c50\u6c9b\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8981\u597d\u597d\u73cd\u60dc\u7684\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7bc0\u9304\u4e00\u4e9b\u66f8\u4e2d\u5167\u5bb9\u65bc\u540e\uff0c\u4f9b\u5927\u5bb6\u53c3\u8003\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2026 As defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), safe drinking water &#8220;does not represent any significant risk to health over a lifetime of consumption, including different sensitivities that may occur between life stages.&#8221;\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e16\u754c\u885e\u751f\u7d44\u7e54\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4f55\u8b02\u300c\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u98f2\u7528\u6c34\u300d\uff1a\u9577\u671f\u98f2\u7528\u4e0d\u6703\u7522\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u5c0d\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5371\u5bb3\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u751f\u547d\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u8eab\u9ad4(\u5c0d\u6c34)\u6703\u4ff1\u6709\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u654f\u611f\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Over two billion people worldwide (about one in four people) consume water that can potentially cause them to become sick; over 800,000 people die from waterborne diseases every year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5168\u7403\uff0c\u670920\u5104\u4eba\u559d\u7684\u6c34\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u56e0\u800c\u81f4\u75c5(\u6bcf4\u500b\u4eba\u4e2d\u67091\u4eba)\u3002\u6bcf\u5e74\u670980\u842c\u4eba\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u900f\u904e\u6c34\u800c\u611f\u67d3\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Water is a molecular marvel. Its seemingly simple molecular formula-H2O\u2014contradicts its complex behavior. The fact that water molecules are made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, that is, H,O, allows life to thrive under the conditions that exist on Earth. Every living organism is connected through this reliance on liquid water, from an amoeba to a plant to a blue whale. It is, however, also because water is H2O that water is easily contaminated. We cannot live without water, and at the same time, water being easily contaminated can therefore potentially threaten life- this is the paradox of water\u2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6c34\u662f\u5947\u5999\u7684\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u5f0f\u662f\u7c21\u55ae\u7684H2O\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u7279\u6027\u5247\u662f\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u3002\u6c34\u5206\u5b50\u75312\u500b\u6c2b\u539f\u5b50\u548c1\u500b\u6c27\u539f\u5b50\u7d44\u6210\uff0cH2O\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5730\u7403\u4ff1\u5099\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u4ee4\u751f\u547d\u5f97\u4ee5\u7e41\u76db\u3002\u6bcf\u500b\u751f\u547d\u6709\u6a5f\u9ad4\u90fd\u548c\u6db2\u614b\u6c34\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u5c0f\u81f3\u963f\u7c73\u5df4\u539f\u87f2\uff0c\u5927\u81f3\u690d\u7269\u751a\u81f3\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u85cd\u9be8\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u3002\u800c\u6b63\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u6c34\u662fH2O\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u975e\u5e38\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u6c61\u67d3\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u6c92\u6709\u6c34\uff0c\u800c\u6c34\u53c8\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u6c61\u67d3\u800c\u5a01\u8105\u5230\u6211\u5011\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u6c34\u7684\u5169\u96e3\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2026In the case of the water molecule, the O atom has a high electronegativity, in fact, the second-highest of all atoms. As a result, the electrons that form the chemical bond between each H and the O experience a stronger attraction from the O atom than the H atom. Consequentially, the H2O molecule&#8217;s electron distribution is skewed such that the O end of the H2O molecule has a higher electron density than the two H ends\u2026The asymmetric electron distribution and its bent structure make H2O a polar molecule\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5c31\u6c34\u5206\u5b50\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6c27\u539f\u5b50\u6709\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u96fb\u8ca0\u5ea6(\u96e2\u5b50\u6027)\uff0c\u662f\u6240\u6709\u539f\u5b50\u4e2d\u6b21\u9ad8\u7684\u3002\u5316\u5b78\ud862\udee1\u7d50\u5408\u6c27\u539f\u5b50\u548c\u6c2b\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\uff0c\u5f9e\u6c27\u539f\u5b50\u7aef\u4f86\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u6bd4\u6c2b\u539f\u5b50\u7aef\u5927\u3002\u6c34\u5206\u5b50\u4e2d\u96fb\u5b50\u7684\u5206\u4f48\u504f\u5411\u6c27\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u7aef\uff0c\u6c27\u539f\u5b50\u7aef\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u5bc6\u5ea6\u6bd4\u6c2b\u539f\u5b50\u7aef\u9ad8\u2026\u2026\u96fb\u5b50\u4e0d\u5c0d\u7a31\u7684\u5206\u4f48\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0aH2O\u5206\u5b50\u5411\u4e2d\u9593\u7684\u6c27\u539f\u5b50\u51f9\u6298\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6c34\u5206\u5b50\u6210\u70ba\u6709\u6975\u6027\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The temperature at which a liquid boils is related to the energy required for molecules to overcome the attraction between other molecules and escape into the gas state. The stronger the interactions between molecules, the higher the boiling point. The more polar the molecule (comparing molecules of similar size), the more energy is required to overcome the attraction between molecules, and the higher the boiling point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6db2\u9ad4\u6cb8\u9a30\u7684\u6eab\u5ea6\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u63d0\u4f9b\u812b\u96e2\u6db2\u614b\u5206\u5b50\u4e4b\u9593\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u3002\u5206\u5b50\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u6108\u5f37\uff0c\u6cb8\u9ede\u6108\u9ad8\u3002\u6bd4\u8f03\u6709\u6975\u6027\u7684\u5206\u5b50(\u6bd4\u8d77\u5176\u4ed6\u7d04\u7576\u4e00\u6a23\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u5206\u5b50)\uff0c\u6975\u6027\u6108\u5f37\uff0c\u5206\u5b50\u8981\u514b\u670d\u5b83\u5011\u4e4b\u9593\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u6240\u9700\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u6108\u9ad8\uff0c\u6cb8\u9ede\u4e5f\u5c31\u6108\u9ad8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Water is also distinctive in that water molecules interact with each other through a particular type of polar interaction called hydrogen bonding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6c34\u5206\u5b50\u4e4b\u9593\u7279\u5225\u7684\u4e92\u52d5\uff0c\u662f\u900f\u904e\u6c2b\u9375\u7684\u7279\u5225\u6975\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to its high boiling point, water also has a relatively high melting point because it is a bent, polar molecule that hydrogen bonds. The polar water molecules in ice-solid phase-interact with neighboring water molecules. As with water molecules in the liquid phase, in the solid phase, the water molecules are, on average, oriented to maximize attractive interactions. For ice to melt, energy must be absorbed to separate the water molecules from each other to overcome the strong hydrogen-bonding networked interactions between water molecules\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9664\u4e86\u6cb8\u9ede\u9ad8\uff0c\u6c34\u7684\u6eb6\u9ede\u4e5f\u76f8\u5c0d\u8f03\u9ad8\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u51f9\u6298\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u3001\u6975\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u6c2b\u9375\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002\u548c\u6db2\u614b\u6c34\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5e36\u6975\u6027\u7684\u56fa\u614b\u6c34\u5206\u5b50\u4e4b\u9593\u76f8\u4e92\u7dca\u7dca\u5438\u5f15\u4f4f\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u6c2b\ud862\udee1\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u624d\u80fd\u5c07\u5b83\u5011\u5206\u958b(\u878d\u5316)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another anomalous property is that water&#8217;s solid form, ice, is less dense than liquid water\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6c34\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u8207\u773e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u56fa\u614b\u6642\u7684\u5bc6\u5ea6\u6bd4\u6db2\u614b\u6642\u4f4e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is highly unusual for a compound&#8217;s solid phase to have a lower density than the liquid phase. Why does this matter? Well, imagine if the opposite was the case, that the solid state of water had a higher density than the liquid state\u2014if ice did not float on liquid water. Every winter, when temperatures drop below freezing, lakes and rivers would freeze from the bottom up, and life that happened to live in these bodies of water would struggle to survive.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5316\u5b78\u7269\u8cea\u5728\u56fa\u614b\u6642\u7684\u5bc6\u5ea6\u6bd4\u6db2\u614b\u6642\u8f03\u4f4e\u662f\u5f88\u5c11\u898b\u7684\u3002\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u9019\u500b\u7269\u7406\u73fe\u8c61\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u60f3\u60f3\u5982\u679c\u662f\u76f8\u53cd\u5462\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u6c34\u5728\u56fa\u614b\u7684\u5bc6\u5ea6\u6bd4\u6db2\u614b\u9ad8\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u51b0\u5c31\u4e0d\u6703\u6d6e\u5728\u6c34\u4e0a\uff0c\u6e56\u6c34\u6703\u5f9e\u6e56\u5e95\u958b\u59cb\u7d50\u51b0\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5c07\u7121\u4ee5\u70ba\u7e7c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The polarity of the solvent influences the kinds of compounds that dissolve in it. Because water is a highly polar molecule, it dissolves a wide range of molecules and is considered a &#8220;universal solvent.&#8221; This ability to dissolve a wide range of molecules is key to why liquid water is an essential ingredient of life. Once molecules are dissolved in liquid, being in a fluid permits mobility to interact and react\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6eb6\u5291\u7684\u6975\u6027\u4f7f\u5f97\u7269\u8cea\u5f97\u4ee5\u6eb6\u89e3\u3002\u6c34\u662f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u6975\u6027\u7684\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u5e7e\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u6eb6\u89e3\u5404\u7a2e\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u6cdb\u7528\u6eb6\u5291\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\u6eb6\u89e3\u5f88\u591a\u7a2e\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6db2\u614b\u6c34\u6210\u70ba\u751f\u547d\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u7576\u5206\u5b50\u6eb6\u89e3\u5728\u6db2\u614b\u6eb6\u6db2\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c07\u8b8a\u5f97\u6613\u65bc\u79fb\u52d5\u800c\u4e14\u5bb9\u6613\u4fc3\u9032\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The polarity of water also influences the chemistry of life. For example, the three-dimensional shapes of proteins are influenced by the aqueous environment of cells. The three-dimensional shapes of proteins support highly specialized chemical processes that have made life on Earth so complex and diverse\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6c34\u7684\u6975\u6027\u4e5f\u5f71\u97ff\u751f\u5316\u5faa\u74b0\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u7acb\u9ad4\u7684\u86cb\u767d\u8cea\uff0c\u6df1\u53d7\u7d30\u80de\u6c34\u6027\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u7acb\u9ad4\u7684\u86cb\u767d\u8cea\u7279\u5316\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u8907\u96dc\u800c\u4e14\u591a\u6a23\u5316\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u614b\u8b8a\u70ba\u53ef\u80fd\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While water&#8217;s universal solvent property makes it essential for life, solubility in water is not always helpful. For example, cell membranes-that define the boundary of a cell\u2014are made up of phospholipid molecules&#8230; Phospholipid molecules have both a polar end and a nonpolar chain. In an aqueous environment, the phospholipid molecules organize-self-assemble-into closed bilayer structures\u2026In this structure, the polar ends interact with the polar water molecules, both interior and exterior of the cell. The membrane-the cell wall-is established through interactions between the nonpolar chains lining up-like spaghetti in a box-away from the polar water and not dissolving in the water, providing structural integrity and defining the boundary of the cell. The result is a well-defined cell membrane with an aqueous interior to support the chemistry of life. Simultaneously, since the cell membrane&#8217;s exterior is polar, the cell can remain suspended in an aqueous environment to survive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6c34\u5e7e\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u6eb6\u89e3\u5404\u7a2e\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u7279\u6027\u5c0d\u751f\u547d\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u76f8\u5c0d\u7684\u6311\u6230\u3002\u4ee5\u7d30\u80de\u819c\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u78f7\u8102\u6240\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u3002\u78f7\u8102\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u4e00\u7aef\u6709\u6975\u6027\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u7aef\u6c92\u6709\u3002\u7d30\u80de\u819c\u7531\u5169\u5c64\u7684\u78f7\u8102\u7dca\u5bc6\u6392\u5217\u800c\u6210\u5c01\u9589\u7684\u819c\uff0c\u4e00\u5c0d\u78f7\u8102\u5206\u5b50\u6c92\u6709\u6975\u6027\u7684\u90a3\u7aef\u80cc\u5c0d\u80cc\u6392\u5217\uff0c\u6709\u6975\u6027\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u7aef\uff0c\u4e00\u908a\u671d\u5411\u6709\u6c34\u7684\u7d30\u80de\u5167\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u908a\u5247\u671d\u5411\u6709\u6c34\u7684\u7d30\u80de\u5916\u3002\u671d\u5411\u7d30\u80de\u5167\u7684\u6975\u6027\u4fc3\u9032\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u671d\u5411\u7d30\u80de\u5916\u7684\u6975\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u7d30\u80de\u6d3b\u5728\u6709\u6c34\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\u800c\u7d30\u80de\u819c\u4e0d\u88ab\u6eb6\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since life thrives in water, an aqueous environment will host living organisms of all sizes-from mammals, birds, fish, and plants down to microorganisms, including pathogens\u2026The primary source of these pathogens is fecal matter from humans and animals, often due to poor sanitation practices. Runoff from livestock farms and untreated sewage are other sources of pathogens. The most common manifestation of diseases caused by these pathogens is diarrhea. Globally, about 800,000 people die from diarrheal diseases due to unsafe water and sanitation every year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56e0\u70ba\u751f\u547d\u5728\u6c34\u4e2d\u7e41\u6b96\u8fc5\u901f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u6709\u6c34\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u5145\u6eff\u4e86\u5404\u7a2e\u751f\u6a5f\u76ce\u7136\u7684\u6709\u6a5f\u9ad4\uff0c\u5f9e\u54fa\u4e73\u985e\u3001\u9ce5\u985e\u3001\u690d\u7269\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u7d30\u5c0f\u7684\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u9ad4\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u75c5\u539f\u9ad4\u90fd\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u75c5\u539f\u9ad4\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u548c\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u6392\u907a\uff0c\u4e0d\u826f\u7684\u885e\u751f\u7fd2\u6163\uff0c\u8fb2\u57f8\u79bd\u755c\u7684\u6392\u6d29\u7269\u548c\u672a\u7d93\u8655\u7406\u7684\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u75c5\u539f\u9ad4\u6700\u5e38\u9020\u6210\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u75c7\u72c0\u662f\u8179\u7009\u3002\u6bcf\u5e74\u7d04\u670980\u842c\u4eba\uff0c\u6b7b\u65bc\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u6c34\u548c\u885e\u751f\u4e0d\u826f\u6240\u5c0e\u81f4\u7684\u8179\u7009\u75be\u75c5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The level of dissolved oxygen is a measure of the health of lakes, rivers, ponds, and oceans in sustaining aerobic aquatic organisms. Bodies of water with low oxygen levels may not support aquatic life, resulting in &#8220;dead zones.&#8221; A common cause of these dead zones is nutrient runoff, like nitrate and phosphate fertilizers, into rivers, lakes, and oceans. Excessive nutrients in water trigger algal blooms, which, when they decay, deplete oxygen levels in the water and asphyxiate other aquatic life\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6c34\u6eb6\u6c27\u91cf\u662f\u5c0d\u6e56\u6cca\u3001\u6cb3\u6d41\u3001\u6c34\u5858\u53ca\u6d77\u6d0b\u5065\u5eb7\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u8861\u91cf\uff0c\u662f\u9700\u6c27\u7684\u6c34\u4e2d\u6709\u6a5f\u9ad4\u7684\u6709\u5229\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u542b\u6c27\u91cf\u4f4e\u7684\u6c34\u9ad4\uff0c\u5c07\u7121\u6cd5\u652f\u6301\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u6703\u5f62\u6210\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u6b7b\u5340\u300d\u3002\u300c\u6b7b\u5340\u300d\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u7d93\u5e38\u662f\u5916\u6d29\u904e\u591a\u7684\u71df\u990a\u7269\u8cea\u5982\u6c2e\u3001\u78f7\u7b49\u80a5\u6599\uff0c\u6d41\u81f3\u6cb3\u6d41\u3001\u6e56\u6cca\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u904e\u5ea6\u7684\u71df\u990a\u7269\u8cea\uff0c\u4fc3\u9032\u6d77\u85fb\u589e\u751f\uff0c\u800c\u7576\u6d77\u85fb\u6b7b\u4ea1\u9032\u884c\u547c\u5438\u4f5c\u7528\u6642\u8017\u6389\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u6c27\u6c23\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4ee4\u4e86\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u547d\u7a92\u606f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2026As a universal solvent, water may also dissolve compounds toxic for life. Take, for example, dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorod-ibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). This compound has very low solubility in water. At room temperature, the maximum amount of TCDD that dissolves in one liter of water is 0.2 micrograms. To put this in context, the average mass of a grain of sugar is 0.0006 grams, or 600 micrograms. So, a solubility of 0.2 micrograms (mcg) per liter (L) for dioxin translates to a fraction of a grain of sugar invisible to the naked eye dissolved in a liter of water. Compared to TCDD, sugar is millions of times more soluble in water. If TCDD has such a low solubility in water, why is this chemical discussed here?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6c34\u5e7e\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u6eb6\u89e3\u5404\u7a2e\u7269\u8cc7\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u542b\u6709\u6bd2\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u7269\u8cea\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\uff1a\u6234\u5967\u8f9b\uff0c2,3,7,8-\u56db\u6c2f\u96d9\u82ef\u74b0\u6234\u5967\u8f9b\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u7269\u8cea\u4e0d\u592a\u6eb6\u65bc\u6c34\u3002\u5728\u5ba4\u6eab\uff0c\u6bcf\u516c\u5347\u7684\u6c34\u624d\u6eb60.2\u5fae\u514b\u3002\u6253\u500b\u6bd4\u65b9\uff0c\u4e00\u7c92\u7cd6\u6c99\u7c92\u7684\u91cd\u91cf\u7d040.0006\u516c\u514b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8aaa\u662f600\u5fae\u514b\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6bcf\u516c\u5347\u6eb6\u89e30.2\u5fae\u514b\u7684\u6234\u5967\u8f9b\u5c31\u6709\u5982\u4e00\u7c92\u7cd6\u6c99\u7c92\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u8089\u773c\u7121\u6cd5\u8fa8\u8b58\u5730\u6eb6\u89e3\u57281\u516c\u5347\u7684\u6c34\ud855\ude83\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u6bd4\u8f03\u6234\u5967\u8f9b\uff0c\u7cd6\u7684\u6eb6\u89e3\u5ea6\u662f\u767e\u842c\u500d\u65bc\u6234\u5967\u8f9b\u3002\u5982\u6234\u5967\u8f9b\u7684\u6c34\u6eb6\u89e3\u5ea6\u90a3\u9ebc\u4f4e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u9084\u8981\u5728\u9019\u5152\u8a0e\u8ad6\u9019\u7a2e\u5316\u5b78\u7269\u8cea\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Burning carbon-based fuels like wood, coal, and oil and incinerating municipal and industrial waste can release TCDD. The health effects of TCDD, even at low concentrations, include an increased risk of cancers and reproductive difficulties.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u71c3\u71d2\u542b\u78b3\u7684\u71c3\u6599\uff0c\u5982\u6728\u6750\u3001\u7164\u3001\u77f3\u6cb9\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u711a\u5316\u5783\u573e\u53ca\u5de5\u696d\u5ee2\u68c4\u7269\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u91cb\u51fa\u6234\u5967\u8f9b\u3002\u6234\u5967\u8f9b\u4e4b\u5371\u5bb3\uff0c\u5c31\u7b97\u662f\u5f88\u4f4e\u7684\u5291\u91cf\uff0c\u90fd\u6703\u589e\u52a0\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u98a8\u96aa\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7f79\u60a3\u764c\u75c7\u548c\u5f71\u97ff\u751f\u80b2\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">TCDD has been detected in drinking water sources. Even though it is not very soluble in water, its solubility is not zero. TCDD levels exceeding 0.00003 mcg\/L in water are considered unsafe for humans. TCDD can dissolve to a concentration that exceeds its safe level by 6,700 times. As we will see in chapter 5, TCDD is just one on a long list of chemicals detected in drinking water sources that are potential health risks for humans. The list is long because water is the universal solvent and dissolves compounds it comes into contact with. The example of TCDD shows that even if the compound does not have a high solubility in water, it dissolves enough to be a health risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u98f2\u7528\u6c34\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u767c\u73fe\u6234\u5967\u8f9b\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5b83\u4e0d\u592a\u6eb6\u65bc\u6c34\uff0c\u4f46\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0d\u6eb6\u65bc\u6c34\u3002\u6bcf\u516c\u5347\u7684\u6c34\u542b\u6709\u8d85\u904e0.00003\u5fae\u514b\u7684\u6234\u5967\u8f9b\uff0c\u5c0d\u4eba\u9ad4\u4f86\u8aaa\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u3002\u800c\u6234\u5967\u8f9b\u7684\u6eb6\u89e3\u5ea6\uff0c\u662f6700\u500d\u65bc\u5b83\u7684\u6c34\u8cea\u6c34\u6e96\u3002\u800c\u6234\u5967\u8f9b\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6703\u6eb6\u65bc\u6c34\u4e2d\u5c0d\u4eba\u9ad4\u6709\u6240\u5371\u5bb3\u7684\u8af8\u591a\u5316\u5b78\u7269\u8cea\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u90a3\u500b\u540d\u55ae\u6703\u5f88\u9577\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6c34\u5e7e\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u6eb6\u89e3\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7269\u8cc7\uff0c\u6eb6\u89e3\u6211\u5011\u63a5\u89f8\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7269\u8cea\u3002\u6234\u5967\u8f9b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u544a\u8a34\u6211\u5011\uff0c\u7e31\u4f7f\u6eb6\u89e3\u5ea6\u4f4e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5df2\u7d93\u8db3\u5920\u50b7\u5bb3\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2026Distilled water is essentially pure water with no dissolved ions, that is, no mineral content. Consuming large amounts of distilled water may affect this concentration gradient, leading to potentially harmful cell death\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u84b8\u993e\u6c34\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u7d14\u6c34\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u6eb6\u89e3\u7684\u96e2\u5b50\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u7926\u7269\u8cea\u3002\u559d\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u84b8\u993e\u6c34\u5c07\u5f71\u97ff\u9019\u4e9b\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u651d\u53d6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0e\u81f4\u7d30\u80de\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\u751a\u81f3\u6b7b\u4ea1\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2026For oceans to be a source ofdrinking water for humans, this water must be treated through a process called desalination. As the term suggests, this treatment lowers the level of dissolved salts, which are the dissolved ions\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2026\u2026\u6d77\u6d0b\u505a\u70ba\u98f2\u7528\u6c34\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u5148\u7d93\u904e\u53bb\u9e7d\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u3002\u53bb\u9e7d\u5c31\u662f\u53bb\u6389\u4e86\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u7926\u7269\u8cea\u96e2\u5b50\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since water dissolves ions, it once again does so indiscriminately. As a result, water dissolves lead, nitrate, and arsenic ions, all of which have harmful health impacts. The use of lead in pipes and plumbing resulted from building practices in the 1900s, and many cities still rely on these old pipes. These plumbing fixtures are often the source of lead ions in drinking water. Nitrate ions in drinking water sources result from agricultural runoff due to nitrate-based fertilizers. Chapter 6 discusses the history of lead and nitrate contamination in drinking water. Arsenic ions occur naturally in some soils and have industrial sources. All these ions readily dissolve in water and are harmful to human health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6c34\u6703\u6eb6\u89e3\u7269\u8cea\u70ba\u96e2\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e26\u4e0d\u6311\u8a72\u7269\u8cea\u5230\u5e95\u5c0d\u4eba\u9ad4\u6709\u5bb3\u8207\u5426\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6c34\u4e5f\u6703\u6eb6\u89e3\u925b\u3001\u785d\u9178\u9e7d\u3001\u7837\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u6703\u5c0d\u4eba\u9ad4\u9020\u6210\u50b7\u5bb3\u3002\u5f9e1900\u5e74\u4ee3\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u8f38\u9001\u6c34\u662f\u9760\u925b\u7ba1\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u9084\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u8001\u820a\u793e\u5340\u9084\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u6c34\u7ba1\u662f\u98f2\u7528\u6c34\u925b\u4e2d\u6bd2\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u785d\u9178\u9e7d\u96e2\u5b50\u4e3b\u8981\u4f86\u81ea\u8fb2\u696d\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u80a5\u6599\u3002\u7837\u96e2\u5b50\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u5929\u7136\u7684\u571f\u58e4\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u6e90\u81ea\u65bc\u5de5\u696d\u5ee2\u7269\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u96e2\u5b50\u5df2\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u6c34\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5c0d\u4eba\u9ad4\u90fd\u6709\u5bb3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Water covers about 70 percent of Earth&#8217;s surface, with 97 percent in oceans and 3 percent in fresh water. Of this 3 percent fresh water, ice caps and glaciers lock 75 percent, 24.5 percent is groundwater, and 0.5 percent is in surface water sources, such as lakes, rivers, and streams, moisture in the soil, and water in living organisms. From a human consumption perspective, less than 1 percent of all water on Earth is available as groundwater, lakes, rivers, and streams. Furthermore, given water&#8217;s chemistry, this fresh water will not be pure; there will always be microorganisms and dissolved chemicals\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5730\u7403\u8868\u9762\u670970%\u88ab\u6c34\u8986\u84cb\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d97%\u5728\u6d77\u88e1\uff0c3%\u662f\u6de1\u6c34\u3002\u57283%\u7684\u6de1\u6c34\u4e2d\uff0c\u51b0\u5e3d\u548c\u51b0\u6cb3\u542b\u6709\u5176\u4e2d\u768475%\uff0c24.5% \u662f\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\uff0c0.5% \u662f\u5730\u8868\u6c34\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u6e56\u6cca\u3001\u6cb3\u6d41\u3001\u6f6e\u6ebc\u7684\u6ce5\u571f\u3001\u751f\u7269\u6709\u6a5f\u9ad4\u4e2d\u3002\u5f9e\u4f7f\u7528\u6c34\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u7e3d\u6c34\u91cf\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u65bc1%\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4eba\u985e\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u5730\u4e0b\u3001\u6e56\u6cca\u548c\u6cb3\u6d41\u4e4b\u4e2d\u53d6\u5f97\u3002\u52a0\u4e0a\u8003\u616e\u6c34\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6de1\u6c34\u4e0d\u898b\u5f97\u662f\u4e7e\u6de8\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7e3d\u662f\u6703\u542b\u6709\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u548c\u6eb6\u89e3\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u7269\u8cea\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2026A 2018 study analyzing health-based drinking water violations in the United States over about 30 years concluded the following:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0There are geographic &#8220;hot spots&#8221; across the United States, particularly the Southwest, with higher incidences of violations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0Some water systems struggle with repeat violations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0The socioeconomics of a community correlates with compliance; low-income, rural areas often have more violations than higher income, urban areas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0Minority, low-income populations have higher rates of violation of total coliform levels, an indicator of microorganism contamination.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2026\u2026\u4e00\u4efd2018\u5e74\u91dd\u5c0d\u5065\u5eb7\u6709\u95dc\u98f2\u6c34\u5728\u904e\u53bb30\u5e74\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u9055\u6cd5\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u5206\u6790\u986f\u793a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u6709\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u300c\u71b1\u5340\u300d\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u897f\u5357\u908a\uff0c\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u9055\u6cd5\u72c0\u6cc1\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6709\u4e9b\u4f9b\u6c34\u7cfb\u7d71\u6709\u91cd\u8986\u9055\u6cd5\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u793e\u5340\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u72c0\u6cc1\u548c\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u6cd5\u4ee4\u76f8\u95dc\uff1b\u7d93\u5e38\uff0c\u4f4e\u6536\u5165\u548c\u90ca\u5916\u7684\u5730\u5340\u7684\u9055\u6cd5\u72c0\u6cc1\uff0c\u6bd4\u9ad8\u6536\u5165\u548c\u5927\u90fd\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u8981\u591a\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5c11\u6578\u6c11\u65cf\u3001\u4f4e\u6536\u5165\u6236\u6240\u5728\u7684\u5730\u5340\uff0c\u4e0d\u7b26\u5927\u8178\u687f\u83cc\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u6bd4\u8f03\u591a\uff0c\u986f\u793a\u662f\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u611f\u67d3\u6240\u81f4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While feeding a growing population is a remarkable feat, the rampant overuse of nitrate fertilizer is now wreaking havoc on ecosystems and is a significant source of water pollution-an example of an unintended consequence. Globally, only about 17 percent of nitrate fertilizer synthesized by the Haber-Bosch process and used in agriculture ends up as nitrogen in the forms of food consumed by humans (crop, dairy, meat).The unused nitrate ends up in runoff from farms and flows into water sources-lakes, rivers, and seas. Since nitrate is a nutrient, this runoff triggers an explosion of plant growth in these bodies of water-algal blooms-which deplete levels of dissolved oxygen. As a result of oxygen depletion, aquatic life suffocates, and large areas of aquatic regions become dead zones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96d6\u7136\uff0c\u80fd\u9935\u990a\u4e0d\u65b7\u6210\u9577\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u662f\u4e86\u4e0d\u8d77\u7684\u58ef\u8209\uff0c\u4f46\u6feb\u7528\u785d\u9178\u9e7d\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u80a5\u6599\uff0c\u537b\u9020\u6210\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u6d69\u52ab\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6210\u70ba\u98f2\u7528\u6c34\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6c61\u67d3\u6e90\u3002\u5168\u7403\uff0c\u8fb2\u696d\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u785d\u9178\u9e7d\u5316\u80a5\u53ea\u670917%\u6210\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u5403\u7684\u98df\u7269\uff0c\u5176\u9918\u7684\u5c31\u90fd\u8dd1\u5230\u4e86\u6e56\u6cca\u3001\u6cb3\u6d41\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u7b49\u7b49\u6c34\u9ad4\u4e4b\u4e2d\u4e86\u3002\u785d\u9178\u9e7d\u662f\u71df\u990a\u7269\u8cea\uff0c\u6703\u9020\u6210\u6c34\u9ad4\u4e2d\u7684\u690d\u7269\u5927\u91cf\u589e\u751f\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u85fb\u985e\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6642\u7684\u547c\u5438\u4f5c\u7528\u6703\u8017\u76e1\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u6c27\u6c27\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6c34\u4e2d\u751f\u7269\u7a92\u606f\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u7121\u751f\u8da3\u7684\u5927\u7bc4\u570d\u300c\u6b7b\u5340\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to damaging aquatic ecosystems, nitrate fertilizers are a concern for drinking water. Ammonium nitrate dissolves in water, forming the nitrate ion, which is toxic to humans. Its toxicity is of particular concern for infants as it can cause methemoglobinemia, or blue baby syndrome. Due to the different pH levels of an infant&#8217;s stomach compared to an adult&#8217;s stomach, infants have a different bacterial population. In infants, bacteria can convert nitrate to nitrite. The nitrite binds to hemoglobin, preventing oxygen uptake, and can suffocate an infant. Studies suggest that exposure to nitrate in pregnant women may cause anemia, spontaneous abortions, and preeclampsia. Some studies also implicate nitrate with higher risks to some cancers. In the United States, the MCL for nitrate in drinking water is 45 mg\/L (also expressed as 10 mg-L NOz-N), the same as the level recommended by the WHO. However, recent studies suggest that there may be increased risks to some cancers at levels lower than this standard for nitrate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9664\u4e86\u7834\u58de\u6c34\u7684\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u785d\u9178\u9e7d\u5316\u80a5\u4e5f\u662f\u5c0d\u98f2\u7528\u6c34\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u3002\u785d\u9178\u92a8\u6eb6\u89e3\u5230\u6c34\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u785d\u9178\u6839\u96e2\u5b50\uff0c\u5c0d\u4eba\u9ad4\u6709\u6bd2\uff0c\u6703\u9020\u6210\u5b30\u5152\u8b8a\u6027\u8840\u7d05\u7d20\u8840\u75c7\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u85cd\u5b30\u75c7\u3002\u5b30\u5152\u80c3\u4e2d\u7684\u9178\u9e7c\u5ea6\u548c\u6210\u4eba\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u83cc\u76f8\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u785d\u9178\u9e7d\u548c\u8840\u7d05\u7d20\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u7f3a\u6c27\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u5b30\u5152\u7a92\u606f\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u66dd\u9732\u5728\u785d\u9178\u9e7d\u4e2d\u7684\u5b55\u5a66\uff0c\u53ef\u5f15\u8d77\u8ca7\u8840\u3001\u610f\u5916\u6d41\u7522\u3001\u598a\u5a20\u6bd2\u8840\u75c7\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u785d\u9178\u9e7d\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u98a8\u96aa\u5f97\u5230\u67d0\u4e9b\u764c\u75c7\u3002\u7f8e\u570b\u98f2\u7528\u6c34\u7684\u785d\u9178\u9e7d\u542b\u91cf\u6a19\u6e96\u662f\u6bcf\u516c\u534745\u6beb\u514b\uff0c\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u885e\u751f\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u4f46\u665a\u8fd1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u7e31\u4f7f\u4f4e\u65bc\u90a3\u500b\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u785d\u9178\u9e7d\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u589e\u9ad8\u4e86\u7f79\u60a3\u67d0\u4e9b\u764c\u75c7\u7684\u98a8\u96aa\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2026Yes, water is life-but it is safe drinking water that not only protects public health but is essential for poverty reduction, food security, supporting peace and human rights, enabling education and gender equity, and ecosystem health. To realize these rights and protections for all life on Earth, the paradoxical behavior of H2O must shape and inform individual behavior as well as policies, regulations, and actions for how we protect, use, manage, distribute, and treat water\u2026we must not take our access to safe drinking water for granted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6c34\u662f\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u98f2\u7528\u6c34\u4e0d\u53ea\u4fdd\u969c\u6c11\u773e\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\uff0c\u5c0d\u5f88\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u8af8\u5982\u6e1b\u5c11\u8ca7\u7aae\uff0c\u4fdd\u969c\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u7dad\u8b77\u548c\u5e73\u53ca\u4eba\u6b0a\uff0c\u4fc3\u9032\u6559\u80b2\u53ca\u6027\u5225\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u9054\u5230\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u5065\u5168\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u9019\u4e9b\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u548c\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u6c34\u6240\u4ff1\u6709\u6b63\u53cd\u5169\u9762\u7684\u5169\u96e3\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5f62\u5851\u4e26\u6559\u80b2\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u6cd5\u898f\u53ca\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u8af8\u5982\u5982\u4f55\u4fdd\u8b77\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u5206\u914d\u548c\u8655\u7406\u6c34\u2026\u2026\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u628a\u6709\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u98f2\u7528\u6c34\u7576\u4f5c\u662f\u7406\u6240\u7576\u7136\u7684\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">*\uff1aBhawani Venkataraman, \u201cThe paradox of water,\u201d 2023, University of California Press<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2024\/4\/13 The paradox of water Damakey<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6c34\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u6eb6\u5291\uff0c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6771\u897f\u90fd\u80fd\u6eb6\u65bc\u6c34\u3002\u9019\u500b\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6eb6\u65bc\u6c34&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37421","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-3"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37421","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=37421"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37421\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":37423,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37421\/revisions\/37423"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=37421"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=37421"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=37421"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}