{"id":37387,"date":"2024-05-20T19:48:00","date_gmt":"2024-05-20T11:48:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=37387"},"modified":"2024-06-20T19:50:17","modified_gmt":"2024-06-20T11:50:17","slug":"the-arab-conquests","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=37387","title":{"rendered":"The Arab Conquests"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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We know, for example, that the Arab Conquests followed immediately after the Prophet Mohammed’s death in 632. By this time, against all the odds, he had managed to unite the disparate, forever-feuding tribes of Arabia at the point of his sword. We know, too, that these great conquests lasted until 750, by which time several generations of marauding Arab armies had carved out an Islamic empire which, in terms of size and population, rivalled that of Rome at its zenith, extending from the shores of the Atlantic and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the snowbound mountain passes of Central Asia and the borders of China in the east. In the process, they had completely crushed one great empire and hollowed out another.*<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u64da\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u5c0d\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5f81\u670d\uff0c\u7dca\u63a5\u767c\u751f\u5728\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u65bc\u897f\u5143632\u5e74\u53bb\u901d\u4e4b\u5f8c\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u514b\u670d\u4e86\u5404\u7a2e\u722d\u8b70\uff0c\u4ed6\u5df2\u7d93\u4f7f\u7528\u6b66\u529b\uff0c\u8a2d\u6cd5\u628a\u5404\u81ea\u70ba\u653f\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u65b7\u76f8\u4e92\u4ec7\u6bba\u7684\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u90e8\u843d\uff0c\u7d71\u4e00\u4e86\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5049\u5927\u7684\u5f81\u670d\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7e8c\u5230\u897f\u5143750\u5e74\uff0c\u5230\u90a3\u500b\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u7d93\u6b77\u597d\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u4ee3\u6253\u5bb6\u52ab\u820d\u7684\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8ecd\u968a\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u958b\u5275\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u7684\u5e1d\u570b\uff0c\u5c31\u8f3b\u54e1\u548c\u4eba\u53e3\u6578\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u548c\u7f85\u99ac\u5e1d\u570b\u7684\u9f0e\u76db\u6642\u671f\u76f8\u7576\uff0c\u7586\u57df\u5f9e\u897f\u908a\u7684\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u5cb8\u548c\u4f0a\u6bd4\u5229\u534a\u5cf6\uff0c\u5230\u6771\u908a\u4e2d\u4e9e\u7d42\u5e74\u5927\u96ea\u8986\u84cb\u7684\u5c71\u5340\u5b54\u9053\u548c\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u908a\u5883\u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u904e\u7a0b\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u5b8c\u5168\u7c89\u788e\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5f37\u5927\u7684\u5e1d\u570b\uff0c\u4e26\u5f9e\u5167\u90e8\u8836\u98df\u4e86\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u500b\u5e1d\u570b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ascendant for more than 400 years across Iran, Iraq, swathes of Central Asia, Anatolia and the Caucasus, the Sasanian Empire of Persia breathed its last under the Arab onslaught. In 651, powerless to repel rampant Arab forces swarming across his kingdom, unable to raise an army to protect his disintegrating empire, Yazdgird III was reduced to ignominious flight. After a valiant last stand near the ancient city of Merv, he abandoned his horse with its golden saddle, his mace and his sword in its golden sheath and took refuge on a pile of straw in a watermill. Here the man who revelled in the ancient title of Shahanshah, King of Kings, was treacherously betrayed and fatally stabbed by the miller. ‘This is the way of the deceitful world,’ wrote the peerless Persian poet Ferdowsi in his epic Shahnameh (Book of Kings), ‘raising a man up and casting him down. When fortune was with him, his throne was in the heavens, and now a mill was his lot; the world’s favours are many, but they are exceeded by its poison.” It was the end of the Sasanian dynasty and the demise of Iran’s last pre-Islamic empire. The country would never be the same again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8208\u76db\u9577\u9054400\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u5730\u57df\u8de8\u8d8a\u4f0a\u6717\u3001\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u3001\u689d\u72c0\u8def\u5eca\u7684\u4e2d\u4e9e\u3001\u5b89\u7d0d\u6258\u5229\u4e9e\u548c\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u7b49\u7b49\u7684\u85a9\u73ca\u6ce2\u65af\u5e1d\u570b\uff0c\u5728\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u7684\u5c60\u622e\u4e4b\u4e0b\u56a5\u4e86\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u53e3\u6c23\u3002\u897f\u5143651\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u7121\u6cd5\u9a45\u8d95\u5e1d\u570b\u5883\u5167\u7316\u7357\u6a6b\u884c\u7684\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u6b66\u529b\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u7121\u80fd\u53ec\u52df\u5230\u8ecd\u968a\u4f86\u4fdd\u8b77\u5206\u5d29\u96e2\u6790\u7684\u5e1d\u570b\uff0c\u4f0a\u55e3\u4fdf\u4e09\u4e16\u6dea\u843d\u65bc\u6065\u8fb1\u51fa\u9003\u3002\u5728\u83ab\u592b\u53e4\u57ce\u9644\u8fd1\u5805\u5fcd\u5c0d\u6545\u570b\u505a\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u77a5\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u907a\u68c4\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u99ac\u5339\u548c\u91d1\u99ac\u978d\u3001\u4ed6\u7684\u6b0a\u6756\u548c\u4ed6\u7336\u63d2\u5728\u91d1\u9798\u4e2d\u7684\u528d\uff0c\u8eb2\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u6c34\u78e8\u574a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e7e\u8349\u687f\u5806\u4e2d\u3002\u9019\u4f4d\u4ee5\u53e4\u8001\u982d\u929cShahanshah(\u738b\u4e2d\u4e4b\u738b)\u5927\u51fa\u98a8\u982d\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u88ab\u80cc\u4fe1\u5fd8\u7fa9\u5730\u51fa\u8ce3\u4e86\uff0c\u88ab\u78e8\u574a\u4e3b\u81f4\u547d\u523a\u6bba\u3002\u300c\u9019\u662f\u8a50\u6b3a\u4e16\u9053\u7684\u904b\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u300d\uff0c\u8209\u4e16\u7121\u96d9\u7684\u6ce2\u65af\u8a69\u4ebaFerdowsi\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u53f2\u8a69Shahnameh(\u738b\u8005\u4e4b\u66f8)\u4e2d\u662f\u9019\u9ebc\u5beb\u9053\u7684\uff0c\u300c\u628a\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u9ad8\u9ad8\u6367\u8d77\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u91cd\u91cd\u6454\u4e0b\u3002\u7576\u4ed6\u64c1\u6709\u8ca1\u5bcc\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u5750\u64c1\u5929\u5802\u7684\u7687\u4f4d\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u73fe\u5728\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u78e8\u574a\u662f\u4ed6\u50c5\u6709\u7684\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7a7a\u9593\uff1b\u60e0\u53ca\u4e16\u9593\u7684\u5584\u8209\u6240\u5728\u591a\u6709\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5df2\u7d93\u88ab\u50b7\u5bb3\u6240\u9060\u9060\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u3002\u300d \u85a9\u73ca\u738b\u671d\u7d50\u675f\u4e86\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u88ab\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u500b\u5e1d\u570b\u8de8\u53f0\u4e86\u3002\u9019\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u5c07\u8b8a\u5f97\u6c38\u9060\u548c\u904e\u53bb\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Further to the west, the Arabs had also ridden roughshod over vast tracts of the Byzantine Empire, seizing control of Egypt, its breadbasket, and North Africa, together with the fabled Holy Land in Syria and Palestine, while the God-fearing residents of Constantinople had trembled at the appearance of successive Arab armies – and even a fleet – before the city’s mighty walls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Our story does not end with the conquests. Staring back through the ages at that momentous period from 632 until 750, we can see that it set the stage for a no less remarkable phenomenon – a cultural flowering in which the new-born Islamic world became the greatest, most sophisticated civilization on earth. Spiritually superior from its own perspective, it was militarily, economically and culturally pre-eminent from that of everyone else. Had it not been for the continent-spanning Arab Conquests, there would have been no Islamic Empire to champion and incubate the extraordinary intellectual advances in science, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, cartography, calligraphy, history, geography, law, music, theology, jurisprudence and philosophy that illuminated the world for centuries to come. Under the Abbasids, who in 750 replaced the Umayyads as leaders of the Islamic world from their new capital of Baghdad, Arab Muslims now studied astronomy, alchemy, medicine and mathematics with such success that, during the ninth and tenth centuries, more scientific discoveries had been achieved in the Abbasid Empire than in any previous period of history? Little wonder that this period has been likened to Greeces Golden Age of the fifth century BC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Arab Conquests were the midwife for the birth of a glorious new civilization, heir to both Rome and Persia. Having united an extraordinarily large landmass under the banner of Islamic rule, they set the stage for the Dar al Islam’s riposte to the Golden Age of Greece. ‘Seek knowledge even to China\u2018, ran one of the famous hadiths, and the Arabs took the Prophet at his word. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Under the Abbasids of Baghdad, the Islamic world built on its rich inheritance from the Umayyads and became tolerant, pluralist, cosmopolitan, culturally rich, outward-looking and intellectually inquisitive, a trailblazer for new discoveries in which Jews and Christians, among many other communities, played an integral role. In a whirlwind of cultural development beginning in the late eighth century under the charismatic caliph Harun al Rashid, star of The Arabian Nights, Islamic civilization became the greatest and most sophisticated on earth. Landmark works of classical Greek, Persian and Hindu scholarship were translated into Arabic, revised, developed and improved, before being circulated around the Islamic Empire and far beyond. From Plato and Aristotle to Euclid and Hippocrates, knowledge passed from West to East and, through deep-pocketed Arab patronage, survived to pass back, centuries later, into Western civilization. Arab scientists, mathematicians, musicians, writers and poets, physicians, historians, philosophers, astronomers, legalists and lexicographers all beat a path to Baghdad and joined a cultural revolution that was every bit as remarkable as the conquests which had laid the foundations for it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u8b80\u5f8c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300e\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u5c0d\u4e2d\u53e4\u6b50\u6d32\u7684\u8ca2\u737b<\/strong>\uff0c\u5f71\u97ff\u5ee3\u53ca\u85dd\u8853\uff0c\u5efa\u7bc9\uff0c\u91ab\u85e5\uff0c\u8fb2\u696d\uff0c\u97f3\u6a02\uff0c\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u6280\u8853\u7b49\u4e0d\u540c\u9818\u57df\u3002\u81ea11\u81f313\u4e16\u7d00\u5341\u5b57\u8ecd\u6771\u5f81\u53ca\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u5e1d\u570b\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u6b50\u6d32\u4fbf\u5f9e\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u6587\u660e\u5438\u6536\u5404\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u91cd\u65b0\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u53e4\u4ee3\u7d93\u5178\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u4e26\u7d93\u7531\u6771\u7f85\u99ac\u5e1d\u570b\u8f3e\u8f49\u5e36\u56de\u5e0c\u81d8\u53ca\u7f85\u99ac\u7684\u5178\u7c4d\uff0c\u6700\u986f\u8457\u7684\u5e0c\u81d8\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e9e\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u901a\u904e\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8a9e\u91cd\u8b6f\uff0c\u5176\u4e5f\u5f71\u97ff\u723e\u5f8c\u6587\u85dd\u5fa9\u8208\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u300f(\u7dad\u57fa\u767e\u79d1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300e\u5f9e11\u81f313\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u6b50\u6d32\u958b\u59cb\u5b78\u7fd2\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u6587\u660e\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002 \u5404\u7a2e\u6c34\u679c\u548c\u852c\u83dc\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u9593\u901a\u904e\u4e2d\u570b\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u5f15\u9032\u4e86\u6b50\u6d32\uff0c\u7576\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u671d\u9bae\u858a\uff0c\u83e0\u83dc\uff0c\u8304\u5b50\u3002 \u9084\u5f15\u9032\u4e86\u5728\u670d\u88dd\u548c\u65b0\u6750\u6599\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u65b0\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8584\u7d17\uff0c\u5854\u592b\u7da2\u53ca\u7dde\u3002 \u8a31\u591a\u6b50\u6d32\u7684\u6a02\u5668\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u6a02\u5668\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002 \u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u54f2\u5b78\u6587\u737b\u88ab\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210\u5e0c\u4f2f\u4f86\u6587\uff0c\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\uff0c\u548c\u62c9\u8fea\u8afe\uff0c\u70ba\u73fe\u4ee3\u6b50\u6d32\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u4f5c\u51fa\u8ca2\u737b\u3002\u300f(\u7dad\u57fa\u767e\u79d1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u7d04\u5f9e\u897f\u5143\u4e94\u4e16\u7d00\u5230\u5341\u4e94\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u6b50\u6d32\u7684\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5404\u7a2e\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u53ca\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u6771\u65b9\u662f\u9072\u6eef\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e00\u5ea6\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u6b50\u6d32\u7684\u300c\u9ed1\u6697\u6642\u4ee3\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u73fe\u5728\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e0d\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u9019\u7a2e\u300c\u9ed1\u6697\u6642\u4ee3\u300d\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u90a3\u500b\u6642\u671f\u6771\u65b9\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u9060\u9060\u6b8a\u52dd\u65bc\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u722d\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76f8\u5c0d\u5730\uff0c\u5f9e\u6771\u65b9\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u534a\u5cf6\u8208\u8d77\uff0c\u7531\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u7684\u5f8c\u4eba\uff0c\u7e7c\u7e8c\u7528\u6b66\u529b\u5f81\u670d\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u5e1d\u570b<\/strong>(\u897f\u5143632\u5e74-1258\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u4e00\u9846\u7167\u4eae\u4eba\u985e\u6587\u660e\u7684\u7480\u71e6\u65b0\u661f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u800c\u585e\u723e\u67f1\u4eba\u4e5f\u662f\u7d93\u5e38\u88ab\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u96c7\u7528\u7684\u897f\u7a81\u53a5\u70cf\u53e4\u65af\u65cf\u96c7\u50ad\u5175\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u9102\u5716\u66fc\u662f\u900f\u904e\u9577\u671f\u4e0d\u65b7\u5c0d\u5916\u5f81\u6230\u6240\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u5927\u5e1d\u570b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u5728,\u201cThe Arab Conquests\u201d \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u9ede\u51fa\u4e86\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4eba\u53e3\u5728\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u5e1d\u570b\u6642\u4ee3\u8fc5\u901f\u6210\u9577\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026 And by definition, unlike Judaism especially, Islam was inherently inclusive. Conversion to the faith of the conquerors could be the matter of a few words in as many seconds. Islam, in other words, contained a built-in mechanism for expansion. It is difficult to imagine its subsequent global success without this defining, open-to-all feature. The reassuring familiarity of Islam, combined with the ease with which new believers could convert to it, proved just as important to the conquests as outright military might.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u5bb9\u6613\u6539\u5b97\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u64c1\u6709\u51fa\u751f\u7387\u6bd4\u8f03\u9ad8\u7684\u6559\u53cb\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u6559\u5728\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u5426\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e0d\u6703\u6709\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u50e7\u4fb6\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e5f\u662f\u5f80\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8089\u8eab\u4e0a\u52a0\u300c\u96e3\u300d\u5462\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u64da\u8aaa\u548c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7d50\u5a5a\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u4e0a\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u4fe1\u5949\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u6559(\u6709\u4e9b\u72c0\u6cc1\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f8b\u5916)\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u300c\u96e3\u300d\uff0c\u5012\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0\u5f37\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u5167\u805a\u529b\u4e86\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u64da\u8aaa\uff0c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7d04\u6709\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u4eba\u6c92\u6709\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pascal \u8aaa\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6700\u4fdd\u96aa\u7684\u662f\u8981\u76f8\u4fe1\u662f\u6709\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u90a3\u9ebc\u6c92\u6709\u660e\u78ba\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u4e0d\u662fPascal \u8aaa\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\u52c9\u5f37\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5427\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*\uff1aJustin Marozzi, \u201cThe Arab Conquests,\u201d 2021, An Apollo book<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2024\/5\/20 The Arab Conquests Damakey<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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