{"id":37161,"date":"2024-02-23T11:16:00","date_gmt":"2024-02-23T03:16:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=37161"},"modified":"2024-03-27T11:17:57","modified_gmt":"2024-03-27T03:17:57","slug":"%e4%ba%ba%e9%a1%9e%e6%98%af%e6%a5%b5%e7%82%ba%e5%be%ae%e4%b8%8d%e8%b6%b3%e9%81%93%e7%9a%84%e5%ad%98%e5%9c%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=37161","title":{"rendered":"\u4eba\u985e\u662f\u6975\u70ba\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\u7684\u5b58\u5728"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u5728\u5730\u7403\u8a95\u751f\u5f8c\u76845\u5104\u5e74(40\u5104\u5e74\u524d)\u958b\u59cb\u6709\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u7a2e\u6700\u521d\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u55ae\u7d30\u80de\u7684\u539f\u6838\u751f\u7269\u300220\u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u7d30\u83cc\u8dd1\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u53e4\u83cc\u4e2d\uff0c\u7d30\u83cc\u8f49\u8b8a\u70ba\u7c92\u7dda\u9ad4\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u6709\u6a5f\u9ad4\u7684\u5171\u751f(symbiosis)\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u3002\u4f9d\u7167\u5167\u5171\u751f\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u7c92\u7dda\u9ad4\u4f86\u81ea\u55dc\u6c27\u7d30\u83cc\uff0c\u800c\u76f8\u5c0d\u5730\u690d\u7269\u7684\u8449\u7da0\u7d20\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u85cd\u83cc\u3002\u539f\u6838\u751f\u7269\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u5206\u5de5\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u751f\u7269\u6709\u6a5f\u9ad4\u7684\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u8907\u96dc\u6210\u70ba\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u591a\u7d30\u80de\u751f\u7269\u4e2d\uff0c\u52d5\u7269\u7d30\u80de\u4e2d\u6709\u7c92\u817a\u9ad4\uff0c\u690d\u7269\u7d30\u80de\u4e2d\u6709\u8449\u7da0\u7d20\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u9019\u9ebc\u4f86\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u539f\u6838\u7d30\u80de\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u958b\u59cb\u5171\u751f\u5408\u4f5c\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u610f\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u800c\u751f\u7269\u6f2b\u9577\u7684\u6f14\u5316\uff0c\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u610f\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u9846\u843d\u5230\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u7063\u7684\u661f\u7403\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u6050\u9f8d\u6ec5\u7d55\uff0c\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u9748\u9577\u54fa\u4e73\u985e\u7956\u5148\u7684\u8208\u76db\u6e05\u51fa\u821e\u53f0\uff0c\u5728\u83ab\u5927\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u6a5f\u7387\u5fae\u4e4e\u5176\u5fae\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u610f\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f9e\u5730\u7403\u751f\u547d\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u7576\u4eca\u80fd\u6301\u7e8c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u9023\u4e32\u610f\u5916\u6240\u5c0e\u81f4\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u73fe\u4eca\u5730\u7403\u7684\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\uff0c\u88ab\u4eba\u985e\u5f71\u97ff\u4e4b\u9245\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u4f9d\u82f1\u570b\u5316\u5b78\u5bb6James Lovelock \u57281970\u5e74\u4ee3\u63d0\u51fa\u7684Gaia\u5047\u8aaa\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5728\u9577\u671f\u800c\u8a00\u5730\u7403\u5c07\u81ea\u7136\u56de\u5230\u5747\u8861\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f35\u751f\u547d\u6709\u6a5f\u9ad4\u6703\u548c\u74b0\u5883\u4e92\u52d5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6574\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u6703\u81ea\u52d5\u8abf\u6574\u53bb\u4fdd\u6301\u5c0d\u5730\u7403\u751f\u547d\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u5404\u9805\u689d\u4ef6\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8eca\u8afe\u6bd4\u6838\u96fb\u5ee0\u9644\u8fd1\uff0c\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u8f3b\u5c04\u9694\u958b\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7559\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5247\u6b23\u6b23\u5411\u69ae\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u770b\u4f86\uff0cJames Lovelock\u7684Gaia\u5047\u8aaa\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8a00\u4e4b\u6210\u7406\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u90a3\u81ea\u52d5\u8abf\u6574\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e0d\u898b\u5f97\u80fd\u7e7c\u7e8c\u7368\u539a\u4eba\u985e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fdd\u7136\u81ea\u7a31\u7684\u667a\u4eba(Homo sapiens)\uff0c\u5982\u662f\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u662f\u5427\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5730\u7403\u751f\u547d\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\uff0c\u689d\u5217\u65bc\u4e0b\u4f9b\u5927\u5bb6\u53c3\u8003\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

45.4\u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u592a\u967d\u661f\u96f2\u51dd\u805a\u5f62\u6210\u5730\u7403\uff0c\u51a5\u53e4\u5b99(Hadean Eon)\u958b\u59cb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

40\u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u51a5\u53e4\u5b99\u7d50\u675f\uff0c\u6708\u4eae\u5df2\u7d93\u7522\u751f\uff0c\u6d41\u661f\u5c0d\u5730\u7403\u8f5f\u70b8\u505c\u6b62\u4e86\uff0c\u5730\u9762\u5ca9\u6f3f\u51b7\u537b\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

40\u5104\u5e74\u524d-24\u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u592a\u53e4\u5b99(Archaean Eon\uff09\uff1a\u7d30\u83cc\u3001\u53e4\u83cc(Archaea)\u7b49\u539f\u6838\u751f\u7269(prokaryotes)\uff0c\u55ae\u7d30\u80de\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u614b\u51fa\u73fe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

40\u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u85cd\u83cc(Cyanobacteria)\u9019\u7a2e\u539f\u6838\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u884c\u5149\u5408\u4f5c\u7528(photosynthesis)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

25\u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u5143\u53e4\u5b99(Proterozoic Eon)\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u690d\u7269\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u958b\u59cb\u6709\u4e86\u771f\u83cc(fungi)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

24\u5104\u5e74\u524d\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u5730\u8868\u7522\u751f\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u6c27\u6c23\u591a\u904e\u88ab\u5438\u6536\u7684\uff0c\u6a19\u793a\u300c\u5927\u6c27\u6c23\u4e8b\u4ef6\u300d\u7684\u767c\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20\u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u7d30\u83cc\u8dd1\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u53e4\u83cc\u4e2d\uff0c\u7d30\u83cc\u8f49\u8b8a\u70ba\u7c92\u7dda\u9ad4\uff0c\u9996\u5275\u4e86\u6709\u6a5f\u9ad4\u7684\u5171\u751f(symbiosis)\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20\u5104\u5e74\u524d\u523010\u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u751f\u7269\u5728\u90a3\u6f2b\u9577\u768410\u5104\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\u5c0f\u4e86\uff0c\u6f14\u5316\u4e5f\u505c\u6eef\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10\u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u55ae\u7d30\u80de\u7684\u690d\u7269\u767b\u9678\u4e86\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.16\u5104\u5e74\u524d-6.35\u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u7d1b\u7d1b\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\uff0c\u7d71\u7a31\u300c\u57c3\u8fea\u5361\u62c9\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u300d(Ediacaran fauna)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.7\u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u73ca\u745a\u51fa\u73fe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.4 \u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u5143\u53e4\u5b99\u7d50\u675f\u524d\uff0c\u52d5\u7269\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.4 \u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u986f\u751f\u5b99(Phanerozoic Eon) \u958b\u59cb\u4e86\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u6240\u5c6c\u7684\u6642\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.4\u5104\u5e74\u524d-4.8\u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u300c\u5bd2\u6b66\u7d00\u5927\u7206\u767c\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6642\u671f\u5df2\u7d93\u958b\u59cb\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u6d77\u7dbf\u3001\u6c34\u6bcd\u3001\u73ca\u745a\u3001\u6241\u5f62\u52d5\u7269\u3001\u8edf\u9ad4\u52d5\u7269\u3001\u8815\u87f2\u3001\u6606\u87f2\u3001\u68d8\u76ae\u52d5\u7269(\u50cf\u6d77\u661f\u9019\u7a2e\u52d5\u7269)\u548c\u810a\u7d22\u52d5\u7269(\u6709\u810a\u690e\u7684\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4eba\u985e\u5c31\u662f)\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u6f14\u5316\u51fa\u591a\u7a2e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u5bd2\u6b66\u7d00\u5927\u7206\u767c\u300d\uff0c\u7a81\u7136\u589e\u6b96\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u6709\u6a5f\u9ad4\u548c\u7269\u7a2e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.3\u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u88ab\u5b50\u690d\u7269(\u958b\u82b1\u690d\u7269)\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u4ef0\u8cf4\u9700\u8981\u6c34\u7684\u5b62\u5b50\u4f86\u7e41\u6b96\uff0c\u690d\u7269\u53ef\u4ee5\u9577\u5728\u9678\u5730\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.3\u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u99ac\u9678(millipedes)\u51fa\u73fe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.6\u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u6a39\u6728\u9577\u51fa\u5f37\u58ef\u7684\u6839\u7cfb\u6df1\u5165\u5730\u4e0b\u4f86\u56fa\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u4e5f\u7a69\u5b9a\u4e86\u571f\u58e4\uff0c\u958b\u59cb\u9577\u51fa\u6728\u8cea\u7684\u6a39\u5e79\u4f86\u652f\u6490\u6a39\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.12\u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u722c\u87f2\u985e(reptiles)\u51fa\u73fe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.45\u5104\u5e74\u524d-2.22 \u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u51b0\u6cb3\u6642\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.4\u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u6050\u9f8d(dinosaurs)\u51fa\u73fe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.1\u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u54fa\u4e73\u985e(mammals)\u51fa\u73fe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.5\u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u9ce5\u985e(mammals)\u51fa\u73fe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6\u53434\u767e\u842c\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u884c\u661f\u649e\u5730\u7403\uff0c\u300c\u767d\u580a\u7d00\u2014\u53e4\u8fd1\u7d00\u6ec5\u7d55\u4e8b\u4ef6\u300d(Cretaceous-Palaeogene extinction )K-Pg \u6216K-T\uff0c\u6050\u9f8d\u9664\u4e86\u5c11\u6578\u9577\u7fbd\u6bdb\u7684\u4e4b\u5916\u7686\u6ec5\u7d55\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u9f3b\u7956\u7684\u9748\u9577\u54fa\u4e73\u985e\u8208\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2\u53434\u767e\u842c\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u4eba\u79d1(Hominoidea)(\u985e\u4eba\u733fapes)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u767e\u842c\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u4eba\u65cf(hominids)\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u5357\u65b9\u53e4\u733f(Australopithecus)\u3002\u5357\u65b9\u53e4\u733f\u7684\u5f8c\u4ee3\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u4eba\u5c6c(Homo)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2\u767e\u842c\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u5de7\u4eba(Homo habilis)(\u6703\u88fd\u9020\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u4eba)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

30\u842c\u5e74\u524d\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u667a\u4eba(Homo sapiens)\u8208\u8d77\uff0c\u958b\u679d\u6563\u8449\uff0c\u5f9e\u975e\u6d32\u958b\u59cb\u6563\u4f48\u5230\u5357\u4e9e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6\u842c\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u667a\u4eba\u5230\u9054\u6fb3\u6d32\u5927\u9678\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4\u842c\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u667a\u4eba\u56de\u5230\u6b50\u6d32\u3002\u548c\u667a\u4eba\u540c\u70ba\u4eba\u5c6c(Homo)\u7684\u5c3c\u5b89\u5fb7\u5854\u4eba\u6ec5\u7d55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2\u842c\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u667a\u4eba\u5230\u9054\u5317\u7f8e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13,000\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u4e16(Anthropocene epoch)\u7684\u5730\u8cea\u6642\u4ee3\u958b\u59cb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9,000\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u667a\u4eba\u958b\u59cb\u5efa\u9020\u57ce\u5e02\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

500\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u667a\u4eba\u958b\u59cb\u5de5\u696d\u9769\u547d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7bc0\u9304\u201cThe Universe, A Biography\u201d\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u7ae0\u7bc0\u65bc\u540e\uff0c\u4f9b\u5927\u5bb6\u53c3\u8003\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Back on Earth approximately 4 billion years ago, perhaps a little earlier, the Hadean Eon ended\u2026The Archaean Eon began and lasted until approximately 2.4 billion years ago. Most of what survive of the oldest rocks on Earth date from the beginning of this eon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u51a5\u53e4\u5b99(Hadean Eon)\u5927\u7d04\u572840\u5104\u5e74\u524d\u7d50\u675f\uff0c\u63a5\u8457\u7684\u662f\u592a\u53e4\u5b99(Archaean Eon\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7e8c\u523024\u5104\u5e74\u524d\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u5730\u7403\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u5ca9\u77f3\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u592a\u53e4\u5b99\u521d\u671f\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amid all this continuing geological turmoil, the earliest life winked into existence early in the Archaean Eon. It was in the simplest possible form of creatures (organisms with one cell without a nucleus, grouped together as prokaryotes, within which there are two subgroups: bacteria and, sitting by their side, a group named after the eon, Archaea. Archaea survive today – in abundance among the biota in the guts of all animals, for example, but also in extreme environments otherwise inimical to life such as hot springs or salty lagoons. They are hardy. If only Archaea could organize, we might think, they could compete for dominance of the planet, over all its surface and throughout geological time. In fact, they have organized, having come together in multicellular structures such as our species and others that compete for dominance today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u5730\u8868\u5927\u9678\u6301\u7e8c\u5287\u70c8\u8b8a\u52d5\u4e4b\u6642\uff0c\u6700\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u751f\u547d\u7a81\u7136\u5728\u592a\u53e4\u5b99\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u3002\u90a3\u662f\u6700\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u751f\u7269(\u6c92\u6709\u7d30\u80de\u6838\u7684\u55ae\u7d30\u80de\u6709\u6a5f\u9ad4\uff0c\u7d71\u7a31\u70ba\u539f\u6838\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u5206\u6210\u5169\u500b\u5b50\u7fa4\uff1a\u7d30\u83cc\u4ee5\u53ca\u53e4\u83cc\uff0c\u800c(\u592a)\u53e4\u83cc\u7684\u300c(\u592a)\u53e4\u300d\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u592a\u53e4\u5b99\u7684\u540d\u7a31\u4f86\u547d\u540d\u7684\u3002\u53e4\u83cc\u81f3\u4eca\u90fd\u9084\u6d3b\u5f97\u597d\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u5728\u52d5\u7269\u8178\u80c3\u9053\u7684\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u4e2d\u6578\u91cf\u5c31\u5341\u5206\u8c50\u5bcc\uff0c\u53e4\u83cc\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u5c0d\u751f\u547d\u8271\u56f0\u7684\u6975\u7aef\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u6efe\u71d9\u7684\u6eab\u6cc9\u6216\u9e7d\u4efd\u542b\u91cf\u9ad8\u7684\u6f5f\u6e56\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u975e\u5e38\u9811\u5f37\u3002\u5982\u679c\u53e4\u83cc\u53ef\u4ee5\u5718\u7d50\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u80fd\u7af6\u722d\u800c\u4e3b\u5bb0\u6574\u500b\u661f\u7403\uff0c\u6db5\u84cb\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5730\u8868\u6a6b\u8cab\u5730\u8cea\u6642\u9593\u3002\u5176\u5be6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u5718\u7d50\u8d77\u4f86\u4e86\uff0c\u9032\u99d0\u591a\u7d30\u80de\u751f\u7269\u9ad4\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u6211\u5011\u4eba\u985e\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u7269\u7a2e\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u7af6\u722d\u4f86\u4e3b\u5bb0\u751f\u614b\u74b0\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The earliest clear pieces of evidence of life on Earth are fossil stromatolites – columns of bacterial mats, fossils \u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5730\u7403\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u751f\u547d\u8b49\u64da\u662f\u758a\u5c64\u77f3\u5316\u77f3\u2014\u2014\u7d30\u83cc\u6bef\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u7ba1\u72c0\u7269\u7684\u5316\u77f3\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stromatolites are formed when microbes living in the sea known as cyanobacteria bind into organic-rich sediments or precipitate minerals in alternating layers. Because the microbes are photosynthetic, deriving energy from sunlight, they progressively move up through the deposited layers towards the light, forming new layers on top of the older ones. The older layers harden into rock that grows into a stratified column or even more complex structures. When fossil stromatolites are sectioned, they show a honeycomb-like structure as the plane of dissection cuts through draped layers of mats. Cyanobacteria survive to the present day and are commonly known as blue-green algae, sometimes appearing in abundance as an algal bloom during warm summers, even in British seas. Stromatolites persist even now.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u758a\u5c64\u77f3\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u662f\u53eb\u85cd\u83cc\u7684\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u805a\u751f\u5728\u6709\u6a5f\u7269\u8cea\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u6c88\u7a4d\u7269\u6216\u7926\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u6c88\u6fb1\u7269\u4e4b\u4e2d\u5c64\u5c64\u758a\u758a\u800c\u6210\u3002\u90a3\u7a2e\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u884c\u5149\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5f9e\u967d\u5149\u53d6\u5f97\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u9010\u6f38\u5f9e\u6c88\u7a4d\u5c64\u5f80\u6709\u967d\u5149\u7684\u4e0a\u65b9\u9577\uff0c\u5728\u8001\u5c64\u4e0a\u9577\u51fa\u65b0\u5c64\u3002\u8001\u5c64\u786c\u5316\u70ba\u5ca9\u77f3\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u5c64\u5c64\u7684\u7ba1\u67f1\u72c0\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u66f4\u8907\u8ab0\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u3002\u6a6b\u5411\u5256\u958b\u758a\u5c64\u77f3\u5316\u77f3\uff0c\u5448\u73fe\u7684\u8702\u5de2\u5f0f\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u5c31\u50cf\u628a\u5730\u588a\u639b\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u6a6b\u5207\u9762\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u85cd\u83cc\u622a\u81f3\u4eca\u65e5\u90fd\u9084\u6d3b\u5f97\u597d\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u85cd\u7da0\u85fb\uff0c\u898b\u65bc\u6eab\u6696\u7684\u590f\u65e5\u7576\u85fb\u985e\u5927\u91cf\u589e\u751f\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4ea6\u898b\u65bc\u82f1\u570b\u9130\u8fd1\u7684\u6d77\u57df\u3002\u758a\u5c64\u77f3\u81f3\u4eca\u4f9d\u820a\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cyanobacteria are bacteria that sit alongside Archaea as prokaryotes, monocellular structures that were the first forms of life\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u85cd\u83cc\u662f\u7d30\u83cc\uff0c\u548c\u53e4\u83cc\u4e00\u6a23\u90fd\u662f\u539f\u6838\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u55ae\u7d30\u80de\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u614b\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By about 2.4 billion years ago, more oxygen was being produced than was being soaked up in the surface of the Earth, marking the Great Oxygenation Event – for the first time the atmosphere contained free oxygen. It was less an event than an era in which the oxygen level gradually increased – for example, banded iron formations continued to be made, but only for about half a billion years in the deep oceans into which atmospheric oxygen did not at first penetrate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5927\u7d04\u572824\u5104\u5e74\u524d\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u5730\u8868\u7522\u751f\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u6c27\u6c23\u591a\u904e\u88ab\u5438\u6536\u7684\uff0c\u6a19\u793a\u300c\u5927\u6c27\u6c23\u4e8b\u4ef6\u300d\u7684\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u6709\u59cb\u4ee5\u4f86\u5728\u5927\u6c23\u5c64\u4e2d\u6709\u591a\u7684\u6c27\u6c23\u3002\u50c5\u6b21\u65bc\u6c27\u6c23\u9010\u6f38\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u5927\u4e8b\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u5c64\u72c0\u6c27\u5316\u9435\u5c64\u5728\u90a3\u500b\u6642\u671f\u6301\u7e8c\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u53ea\u6d885\u5104\u5e74\u7684\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u5927\u6c23\u4e2d\u7684\u6c27\u6c23\u5c31\u958b\u59cb\u6eb6\u5230\u4e86\u6df1\u6d77\ud855\ude83\u9762\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At 2.5 billion years ago, the Proterozoic Eon had begun (the name means ‘early life’). Plants and, possibly, fungi appeared at this time. The upper reaches of the atmosphere formed an ozone layer that protected life on the surface of the Earth from ultraviolet radiation. At the end of the eon the first animals appeared. However, the development of life was held back by a series of global ice ages lasting from 2.45 billion to 2.22 billion years ago, even though the Sun had brightened and the Earth was receiving more solar warmth\u2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

25\u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u5143\u53e4\u5b99(Proterozoic Eon)\u958b\u59cb(\u300cProterozoic\u300d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u300c\u65e9\u671f\u751f\u547d\u300d)\u3002\u690d\u7269\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u958b\u59cb\u6709\u4e86\u771f\u83cc\u3002\u5927\u6c23\u7684\u4e0a\u9762\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u81ed\u6c27\u5c64\u4fdd\u8b77\u5730\u7403\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4e0d\u53d7\u5230\u7d2b\u5916\u7dda\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\u3002\u5143\u53e4\u5b99\u5feb\u7d50\u675f\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u96bb\u52d5\u7269\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u9032\u7a0b\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u572824.5\u5104\u5e74\u524d\u523022.2\u5104\u5e74\u524d\u4e4b\u9593\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u5168\u7403\u51b0\u6cb3\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u800c\u88ab\u5ef6\u9072\u4e86\uff0c\u7e31\u4f7f\u7576\u6642\u592a\u967d\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u4eae\u4f7f\u5f97\u5730\u7403\u63a5\u6536\u5230\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u592a\u967d\u80fd\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This dramatic change of climate was triggered by the transition to an oxygenated atmosphere and ocean. The oxygen decreased methane levels in the atmosphere and increased carbon dioxide. Both are greenhouse gases but methane is much more effective than carbon dioxide. Reduction of the blanketing effect of atmospheric greenhouse gases caused the Earth to cool dramatically. Having combined with other gases, the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere and the oceans reduced. This altered the balance between organisms that rely on using oxygen to metabolize and those that do not. Evolution hedged its bets by pairing organisms into a single organism that metabolized in two ways: one type, like cyanobacteria, metabolized through photosynthesis, the other used its waste products. Single-celled prokaryotes combined together into multicellular forms of life called eukaryotes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6c23\u5019\u7684\u5287\u8b8a\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5927\u6c23\u5c64\u548c\u6d77\u4e2d\u7684\u6c27\u6c23\u9010\u6f38\u8b8a\u591a\u6240\u89f8\u767c\u7684\u3002\u6c27\u6c23\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u5927\u6c23\u5c64\u4e2d\u7684\u7532\u70f7\uff0c\u800c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u3002\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u90fd\u662f\u6eab\u5ba4\u6548\u61c9\u7684\u6c23\u9ad4\uff0c\u4f46\u7532\u70f7\u9060\u6bd4\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u6709\u6548\u3002\u5927\u6c27\u5c64\u4fdd\u6696\u7684\u6eab\u5ba4\u6548\u61c9\u964d\u4f4e\u4f7f\u5f97\u5730\u7403\u8fc5\u901f\u8b8a\u5bd2\u51b7\u3002\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6c23\u9ad4\u6df7\u5408\u7684\u6c27\u6c23\u5728\u5927\u6c23\u5c64\u548c\u6d77\u4e2d\u7684\u6fc3\u5ea6\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\uff0c\u9019\u6539\u8b8a\u4e86\u9700\u8981\u6c27\u6c23\u9032\u884c\u65b0\u9673\u4ee3\u8b1d\u7684\u751f\u7269\u9ad4\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6c27\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\u751f\u614b\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u58d3\u529b\u91cd\u65b0\u914d\u5c0d\u6709\u6a5f\u9ad4\u6210\u70ba\u55ae\u4e00\u6709\u6a5f\u9ad4\uff0c\u5206\u70ba\u5169\u7a2e\u4ee3\u8b1d\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c31\u50cf\u85cd\u83cc\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u5149\u5408\u4f5c\u7528\u9032\u884c\u65b0\u9673\u4ee3\u8b1d\uff1b\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u7a2e\u5247\u662f\u5229\u7528\u524d\u8005\u4ee3\u8b1d\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002\u55ae\u7d30\u80de\u539f\u6838\u751f\u7269\u76f8\u4e92\u7d50\u5408\u6210\u53eb\u505a\u300c\u771f\u6838\u751f\u7269\u300d\u7684\u591a\u7d30\u80de\u751f\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This breakthrough formed the basis for much more complex organisms than those made of a single cell. Cells could readily develop into specialized forms that had different functions that nevertheless operated together to produce a very efficient fit to an environment. However, it took some time for this advantage to take off to full effect – the period from about 2 billion to I billion years ago shows few changes in species, geology or climate and therefore provided weak environmental stimuli to provoke evolution; it has been characterized in a term coined by English palaeontologist Martin Brasier as the ‘Boring Billion years’, the dullest time in Earth’s history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The Proterozoic Eon culminated dramatically in further Snowball Earth episodes, which took place towards the end of the period at about 716 million and 635 million years ago, and by the appearance of new forms of life, grouped together as Ediacaran fauna. Some were large and mobile, with muscular and neural cells, but no skeleton – walking mattresses. Others were tiny worms (like grains of rice)\u2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5143\u53e4\u5b99\u5728\u51b0\u5c01\u5730\u7403\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u6232\u5287\u6027\u5730\u958b\u59cb\u767c\u5149\u767c\u71b1\uff0c\u5927\u7d04\u767c\u751f\u5728\u63a5\u8fd1\u5143\u53e4\u5b99\u7d50\u675f\u4e4b\u969b\uff0c7.16\u5104\u5e74\u524d\u548c6.35\u5104\u5e74\u524d\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\uff0c\u7d71\u7a31\u300c\u57c3\u8fea\u5361\u62c9\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u300d\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u9577\u5f97\u5de8\u5927\u800c\u4e14\u6703\u52d5\uff0c\u6709\u808c\u8089\u548c\u795e\u7d93\u7d30\u80de\uff0c\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u9aa8\u9abc\u2014\u2014\u50cf\u6703\u8d70\u52d5\u7684\u5e8a\u588a\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5247\u662f\u5c0f\u87f2\u5b50(\u50cf\u6bbc\u7c92\u4e00\u6a23)\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Phanerozoic Eon is the current eon on Earth and started 540 million years ago. The name is derived from the Greek words phaneros and zoe, meaning ‘visible life’, and refers to the sudden appearance of an abundance of readily identifiable fossils. It took approximately half a billion years for life to begin on Earth after its formation, but it remained very simple in its forms for a further 3.5 billion years. Once life became complex enough to be visibly modern, it took just another half a billion years for Homo sapiens to develop, as we shall see.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u986f\u751f\u5b99(Phanerozoic Eon) \u662f\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u6240\u5c6c\u7684\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u59cb\u65bc5.4 \u5104\u5e74\u524d\u3002\u540d\u7a31\u53d6\u81ea\u5e0c\u81d8\u5b57phaneros \u548c zoe\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u300c\u770b\u5f97\u898b\u7684\u751f\u547d\u300d\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u7a81\u7136\u51fa\u73fe\u5f88\u591a\u5bb9\u6613\u8fa8\u8b58\u7684\u5316\u77f3\u3002\u5730\u7403\u8a95\u751f\u4e4b\u5f8c\u904e\u4e86\u5927\u7d045\u5104\u5e74\u624d\u958b\u59cb\u51fa\u73fe\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u768435\u5104\u5e74\u90fd\u4e00\u76f4\u4fdd\u6301\u8457\u5f88\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u8907\u96dc\u5230\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u5f88\u9032\u6b65\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u82b1\u53e6\u5916\u76845\u5104\u5e74\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u73fe\u4ee3\u4eba\u985e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The evolution of ‘visible life’ is something that needs first an organism to arise that is rather simple but then there is a rare combination of circumstances from which carbon atoms can combine in remarkable, complicated and self-replicating molecules and structures. It is a chain of events and developments that stretches from the energy-generating processes in stars that produced the carbon in the first place, through the provision of suitable life-favouring environments on planets, as a by-product of star formation, through the unique chemistry of carbon atoms and the positive feedback mechanisms of evolution to the variety of life on Earth today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300c\u770b\u5f97\u898b\u7684\u751f\u547d\u300d\u7684\u6f14\u5316\uff0c\u8d77\u982d\u7684\u662f\u6bd4\u8f03\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u6709\u6a5f\u9ad4\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f88\u7f55\u898b\u7684\u5468\u570d\u74b0\u5883\u7d44\u5408\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u78b3\u539f\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u7d44\u6210\u512a\u7570\u3001\u8907\u96dc\u800c\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u6211\u8907\u88fd\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u7d50\u69cb\u3002\u90a3\u662f\u4e00\u9023\u4e32\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u548c\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u59cb\u65bc\u661f\u7403\u6838\u878d\u5408\u904e\u7a0b\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u78b3\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u5728\u884c\u661f\u4e0a\u5fc5\u9808\u63d0\u4f9b\u9069\u5408\u751f\u547d\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u74b0\u5883\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u662f\u661f\u7403\u5f62\u6210\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u9644\u7522\u54c1\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u78b3\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u7368\u7279\u5316\u5b78\u6027\u8cea\u4ee5\u53ca\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u6b63\u5411\u56de\u994b\u6a5f\u5236\u624d\u53ef\u9054\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u751f\u7269\u7684\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Earth’s history is just one example of the way that intelligent life develops on a planet, but it is only one example and we should be wary of reading too much from it. Nevertheless, it appears that it is relatively quick and easy for life to start on a planet in a simple form, but it takes longer and it is more difficult for life to take the first steps into intelligence. One inference is that life might well be found on many planets in our Galaxy but there will be many times fewer that harbour extraterrestrial beings that we can talk to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5730\u7403\u7684\u6b74\u53f2\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u661f\u7403\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u667a\u6167\u751f\u547d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5207\u83ab\u904e\u5ea6\u89e3\u8b80\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e00\u500b\u661f\u7403\u8981\u958b\u59cb\u6709\u7c21\u55ae\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u751f\u547d\u662f\u76f8\u5c0d\u5feb\u901f\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8981\u958b\u59cb\u767c\u5c55\u6709\u667a\u6167\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5247\u662f\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u9577\u7684\u6642\u9593\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u56f0\u96e3\u3002\u4e00\u7a2e\u63a8\u8ad6\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u5011\u7684\u661f\u7cfb\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u661f\u7403\u4e0a\u767c\u73fe\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8981\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u661f\u7403\u4e0a\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ddf\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u8a71\u7684\u5916\u661f\u4eba\u5247\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u975e\u5e38\u5c11\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The life that first began on Earth in this eon includes sponges, jellyfish, corals, flatworms, molluscs, worms, insects, echinoderms (animals like starfish) and chordates (animals with a spinal column, like us). They evolved into a multitude of life forms in the event referred to as the Cambrian Explosion, a sudden proliferation of organisms and species. The fossils that established this transformation were found in rocks of the Cambrian period, named in 1853 by the Cambridge geologist Adam Sedgwick after Cambria (the Latin name for Wales), where rocks of this time are exposed in abundance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u6211\u5011\u9019\u500b\u6642\u671f\u5df2\u7d93\u958b\u59cb\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u6d77\u7dbf\u3001\u6c34\u6bcd\u3001\u73ca\u745a\u3001\u6241\u5f62\u52d5\u7269\u3001\u8edf\u9ad4\u52d5\u7269\u3001\u8815\u87f2\u3001\u6606\u87f2\u3001\u68d8\u76ae\u52d5\u7269(\u50cf\u6d77\u661f\u9019\u7a2e\u52d5\u7269)\u548c\u810a\u7d22\u52d5\u7269(\u6709\u810a\u690e\u7684\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4eba\u985e\u5c31\u662f)\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u6f14\u5316\u51fa\u591a\u7a2e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u5bd2\u6b66\u7d00\u5927\u7206\u767c\u300d\uff0c\u7a81\u7136\u589e\u6b96\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u6709\u6a5f\u9ad4\u548c\u7269\u7a2e\u3002\u900f\u904e\u5316\u77f3\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u9019\u500b\u6b77\u53f2\u6027\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u5728\u5bd2\u6b66\u7d00\u5730\u8cea\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u77f3\u982d\u4e2d\uff0c\u300c\u5bd2\u6b66\u7d00(Cambrian period)\u300d\u662f\u57281853\u5e74\u7531\u528d\u6a4b\u7684\u5730\u8cea\u5b78\u5bb6Adam Sedgwick\u6240\u547d\u540d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u300cCambria\u300d\u5728\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u662fWales(\u5a01\u723e\u65af)\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u5a01\u723e\u65af\u7576\u6642\u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5bd2\u6b66\u7d00\u5316\u77f3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Phanerozoic Eon began with life living in the oceans, then some animal species evolved from the shoreline onto dry land in response to the stimuli of varied and ever-changing environments as the tide went in and out. Unicellular plants had already moved onto land 1 billion years or more ago, but evolved into a more familiar plant form about 430 million years ago. At first, plants reproduced by distributing spores, which limited their distribution to swampy land because spores need moisture for the gametes to swim to meet together. Reproduction by seeds enabled trees to spread to make forests on dry land. Trees anchored themselves by growing strong roots into the Earth, stabilizing the land, and became tall by standing on woody trunks by 360 million years ago. This is the start of the geological period called Carboniferous because abundant forests laid down strata of carbonaceous material that became peat and then coal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u986f\u751f\u5b99\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u662f\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6d77\u4e2d\uff0c\u63a5\u8457\u6709\u4e9b\u52d5\u7269\u53cd\u6620\u74b0\u5883\u6311\u6230\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\uff0c\u6f6e\u4f86\u6f6e\u5f80\uff0c\u5f9e\u6d77\u5cb8\u6f14\u5316\u5230\u4e7e\u5730\u3002\u55ae\u7d30\u80de\u7684\u690d\u7269\u572810\u5104\u5e74\u524d\u5c31\u767b\u9678\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u6f14\u5316\u6210\u73fe\u5728\u6211\u5011\u6bd4\u8f03\u719f\u6089\u7684\u690d\u7269\u5f62\u614b\u5247\u662f\u57284.3\u5104\u5e74\u524d\u3002\u8d77\u521d\uff0c\u690d\u7269\u900f\u904e\u5b62\u5b50\u7e41\u6b96\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u9650\u65bc\u5206\u4f48\u5728\u6cbc\u6fa4\u5730\u5e36\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b62\u5b50\u7684\u914d\u5b50\u9700\u8981\u6709\u6c34\u624d\u80fd\u6e38\u5230\u4e00\u584a\u5152\u3002\u900f\u904e\u7a2e\u5b50\u7e41\u6b96\u4f7f\u5f97\u6a39\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e7e\u71e5\u7684\u5730\u9762\u5f62\u6210\u68ee\u6797\u3002\u6a39\u6728\u9577\u51fa\u5f37\u58ef\u7684\u6839\u7cfb\u6df1\u5165\u5730\u4e0b\u4f86\u56fa\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u4e5f\u7a69\u5b9a\u4e86\u571f\u58e4\uff0c\u958b\u59cb\u9577\u51fa\u6728\u8cea\u7684\u6a39\u5e79\u4f86\u652f\u6490\u6a39\u8eab\uff0c\u9019\u767c\u751f\u57283.6\u5104\u5e74\u524d\u3002\u9019\u958b\u59cb\u4e86\u300c\u77f3\u70ad\u7d00\u300d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u68ee\u6797\u6728\u5012\u4e0b\u5728\u5730\u5c64\u5f62\u6210\u6709\u78b3\u7684\u7269\u8cea\uff0c\u4e4b\u5f8c\u8b8a\u6210\u6ce5\u78b3\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u662f\u7164\u78b3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Corals are marine invertebrates that first appeared in the sea about 570 million years ago. They built reefs that became sedimentary strata, sometimes of great size, like the present-day Great Barrier Reef in the Coral Sea off Australia, the largest living structure on Earth today, although only one coral reef of many. Other sea creatures deposited skeletal minerals that became rock strata of carbonaceous limestone and chalk, associated with strata of siliceous chert (flint). Life was creating new forms of rock, changing the very make-up and appearance of the Earth’s crust in a major way for the first time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u73ca\u745a\u662f\u6d77\u751f\u7684\u7121\u810a\u690e\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u51fa\u73fe\u57285.7\u5104\u5e74\u524d\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u5f62\u6210\u73ca\u745a\u7901\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u6c88\u7a4d\u5730\u5c64\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u5019\u898f\u6a21\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u73fe\u4eca\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u5927\u5821\u7901\uff0c\u662f\u73fe\u4eca\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u53ea\u662f\u8af8\u591a\u73ca\u745a\u7901\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u6d77\u4e2d\u751f\u7269\u6240\u5132\u5b58\u5728\u8eab\u9ad4\u9aa8\u67b6\u4e2d\u7684\u7926\u7269\u8cea\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u78b3\u6216\u767d\u580a\u7684\u5ca9\u77f3\u5730\u5c64\uff0c\u548c\u77fd\u8cea\u716b\u77f3(\u716b\u77f3)\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u9019\u662f\u6709\u53f2\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u958b\u59cb\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u5ca9\u77f3\uff0c\u5927\u5e45\u6539\u8b8a\u5730\u6bbc\u7684\u6253\u626e\u548c\u5916\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The processes by which life drives forward the history of the Earth at the present time can be typified in the carbon cycle. Carbon is cycled through the atmosphere, rivers, lakes and oceans, and the crust. Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere dissolves in water, forming carbonic acid. This acid combines with calcium and other similar elements to make bicarbonate and carbonate chemicals. These compounds are taken up by molluscs for their shells and fall to the seabed when the molluscs die. They are buried in rock strata through which magma bursts from volcanic eruptions, releasing carbon dioxide through volcanic outgassing. Carbon dioxide is also exchanged from the atmosphere to the crust and back via the photosynthesis of plants and the breathing of animals. Dead organisms ferment and release carbon dioxide and methane, or may become fossil fuels like coal or oil. Human beings speed the fuels to return carbon dioxide into the atmosphere through industrial processes that have newly emerged in Earth’s history, starting three hundred years ago in the Industrial Revolution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u9a45\u52d5\u5730\u7403\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u7279\u5fb5\u662f\u78b3\u5faa\u74b0\u3002\u78b3\u7684\u5faa\u74b0\u662f\u900f\u904e\u5927\u6c23\u5c64\u3001\u6cb3\u6d41\u3001\u6e56\u6cca\u548c\u6d77\u6d0b\u548c\u5730\u6bbc\u3002\u5927\u6c23\u5c64\u7684\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u6eb6\u65bc\u6c34\u5f62\u6210\u78b3\u9178\u3002\u78b3\u9178\u52a0\u4e0a\u9223\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u5f62\u6210\u91cd\u78b3\u9178\u9e7d\u548c\u78b3\u9178\u9e7d\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u9e7d\u985e\u88ab\u8edf\u9ad4\u52d5\u7269\u62ff\u4f86\u6253\u9020\u5916\u6bbc\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u5b83\u5011\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6642\u6c88\u5165\u6d77\u5e95\uff0c\u57cb\u5165\u5730\u5c64\uff0c\u900f\u706b\u5c71\u7206\u767c\u7684\u7194\u5ca9\uff0c\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u7d93\u706b\u5c71\u5674\u6c23\u91cb\u653e\u3002\u5927\u6c23\u4e2d\u7684\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u4e5f\u900f\u904e\u690d\u7269\u5149\u5408\u4f5c\u7528\u6642\u5438\u6536\u7136\u5f8c\u9032\u5165\u5730\u6bbc\uff0c\u800c\u52d5\u7269\u5728\u547c\u5438\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u6642\u5019\u5247\u628a\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u547c\u56de\u5927\u6c23\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u6b7b\u6389\u7684\u6709\u6a5f\u9ad4\u767c\u9175\u4e4b\u5f8c\u91cb\u51fa\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u548c\u7532\u70f7\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8b8a\u6210\u7164\u6216\u77f3\u6cb9\u7b49\u77f3\u5316\u71c3\u6599\u3002\u800c\u5728\u5730\u7403\u665a\u8fd1\u7684\u6b74\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u5f9e300\u5e74\u524d\u958b\u59cb\u7684\u5de5\u696d\u5316\uff0c\u52a0\u5feb\u4e86\u77f3\u5316\u71c3\u6599\u4e2d\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u56de\u5230\u5927\u6c23\u4e2d\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In modern times, anthropogenic processes are on such a scale and so quick in their effects that they produce disturbances in the balance of biological cycles, which can be described under the general heading of ‘climate change’. The Gaia hypothesis originated by the English chemist James Lovelock in the 1970s suggests that in the longer term the planet will return to its equilibrium, proposing that living organisms interact with the environment so that the whole system self-regulates to maintain favourable conditions for life on Earth. It is a visionary, inspiring and hopeful perspective of environmental science, which, however, remains controversial as an unproved proposal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u76f8\u95dc\u6d3b\u52d5\u9054\u5230\u7684\u898f\u6a21\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u5176\u5f71\u97ff\u4e4b\u8fc5\u901f\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u6253\u4e82\u4e86\u751f\u614b\u5faa\u74b0\u7684\u5e73\ud85d\uddfe\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u300c\u6c23\u5019\u8b8a\u9077\u300d\u3002\u82f1\u570b\u5316\u5b78\u5bb6James Lovelock \u57281970\u5e74\u4ee3\u63d0\u51fa\u7684Gaia\u5047\u8aaa\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5728\u9577\u671f\u800c\u8a00\u5730\u7403\u5c07\u81ea\u7136\u56de\u5230\u5747\u8861\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f35\u751f\u547d\u6709\u6a5f\u9ad4\u6703\u548c\u74b0\u5883\u4e92\u52d5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6574\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u6703\u81ea\u52d5\u8abf\u6574\u53bb\u4fdd\u6301\u5c0d\u5730\u7403\u751f\u547d\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u5404\u9805\u689d\u4ef6\u3002\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u9060\u666f\uff0c\u5f88\u6fc0\u52f5\u4e14\u4ee4\u4eba\u5145\u6eff\u5e0c\u671b\u74b0\u5883\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u770b\u6cd5\u672a\u7d93\u8b49\u5be6\u800c\u5145\u6eff\u722d\u8b70\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There were five mass extinctions during the Phanerozoic Eon, when large numbers of species died out, allowing new ones quickly to emerge. The causes of all of the extinction events are uncertain, and of some are very unclear. However, they all represent abrupt, globally widespread changes in climate, triggered by prolonged ice ages, extensive volcanic eruptions or violent meteoric impacts. The most widely known and perhaps best understood is the Cretaceous-Palaeogene extinction (previously known as the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction). The name refers to the boundary between the Cretaceous and the Palaeogene (or Tertiary) geological periods and is abbreviated as K-Pg or K-T, with the K standing for the German word Kreide, meaning ‘chalk’, the rock distinctive of the time. The change of climate represented by the change of rocks above and below the boundary was caused by the impact of a large asteroid in the region now known as the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula of Mexico, which struck near the present fishing harbour of Chiculub (pronounced as ‘cheek-shoe-lube’).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u986f\u751f\u5b99\u5171\u767c\u751f\u904e5\u6b21\u5927\u6ec5\u7d55\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u7269\u7a2e\u6ec5\u7d55\u4e86\uff0c\u8b93\u65b0\u7684\u7269\u7a2e\u8fc5\u901f\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\uff0c\u3002\u6240\u6709\u5927\u6ec5\u7d55\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u90fd\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5247\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u660e\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u90fd\u4ee3\u8868\u7a81\u7136\u7684\u904d\u53ca\u5168\u7403\u7684\u6c23\u5019\u8b8a\u5316\uff0c\u7531\u5ef6\u9577\u7684\u51b0\u6cb3\u671f\u6240\u89f8\u767c\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u706b\u5c71\u7206\u767c\u6216\u5287\u70c8\u7684\u6d41\u661f\u649e\u64ca\u3002\u6700\u5ee3\u70ba\u5468\u77e5\u7684\u6216\u8a31\u662f\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u767d\u580a\u7d00\u2014\u53e4\u8fd1\u7d00\u6ec5\u7d55\u4e8b\u4ef6\u300d(Cretaceous-Palaeogene extinction )(\u539f\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u767d\u580a\u7d00\u2014\u7b2c\u4e09\u7d00\u6ec5\u7d55\u4e8b\u4ef6\u300d)\u3002\u90a3\u500b\u540d\u7a31\u8868\u793a\u767c\u751f\u5728\u767d\u580a\u7d00\u548c\u53e4\u8fd1\u7d00\u9019\u5169\u500b\u5730\u8cea\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ea4\u63a5\u7684\u6642\u9593\u9ede\uff0c\u7c21\u7a31 K-Pg \u6216K-T\uff0c\u5176\u4e2dK\u4ee3\u8868\u5fb7\u6587Kreide\uff0c\u662f\u300c\u767d\u580a\u300d\uff0c\u90a3\u500b\u5730\u8cea\u5e74\u4ee3\u5ca9\u77f3\u7684\u7279\u5fb5\u3002\u6c23\u5019\u6539\u8b8a\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u53cd\u61c9\u5728\u90a3\u500b\u6d41\u661f\u649e\u64ca\u7684\u6642\u9ede\u524d\u5f8c\u7684\u5ca9\u77f3\u6539\u8b8a\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u77e5\u9053\u90a3\u9846\u6d41\u661f\u6240\u649e\u64ca\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u58a8\u897f\u54e5Yucat\u00e1n\u534a\u5cf6\u63a5\u8fd1Chiculub\u9019\u500b\u5c0f\u6f01\u6751\u7684\u9644\u8fd1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These events of 64 million years ago caused a widespread extinction of many land-dwelling species. Most dinosaurs became extinct, although feathered dinosaurs survived, including some that evolved to become birds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9019\u4e9b6\u53434\u767e\u842c\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u9020\u6210\u9678\u4e0a\u7269\u7a2e\u5168\u9762\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6ec5\u7d55\u3002\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u6050\u9f8d\u6ec5\u7d55\u4e86\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u9577\u7fbd\u6bdb\u7684\u6050\u9f8d\u6d3b\u4e0b\u4f86\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5f8c\u4f86\u6f14\u5316\u6210\u9ce5\u985e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Small, burrowing mammals also survived and moved to fill the gap in the environment left by the land-dwelling dinosaurs. Prominent among the mammals that eventually developed were Hominoidea (apes, originating 24 million years ago). The evolutionary line that developed from apes towards humankind branched off successively as gibbons, orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees, and then hominids such as Australopithecus, who originated about 4 million years ago. These hominids developed stone tools and split into two parallel evolutionary branches, descendants of Australopithecus and a new genus, Homo. At first, Australopithecus and Homo coexisted in Africa but Australopithecus became extinct, leaving survivors that formed a lineage stretching into Homo habilis (man the toolmaker, 2 million years ago) and Homo erectus (upright man, I.5 million years ago). Migration spread H. habilis and H. erectus from Africa into Eurasia and southern Asia\u2026The lineage of H. erectus from these migrations appears then to have foundered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9ad4\u578b\u5c0f\u7684\u3001\u6703\u6253\u6d1e\u7684\u54fa\u4e73\u52d5\u7269\u4e5f\u6d3b\u4e86\u4e0b\u4f86\uff0c\u4ed6\u586b\u88dc\u4e86\u9678\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u6050\u9f8d\u6ec5\u7d55\u4e4b\u5f8c\u6240\u6240\u7559\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u7a7a\u9593\u3002\u54fa\u4e73\u985e\u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u6700\u7d42\u5f97\u5230\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u662f\u4eba\u79d1(Hominoidea)(\u985e\u4eba\u733f\uff0c\u6e90\u81ea2\u53434\u767e\u842c\u5e74\u524d)\u3002\u671d\u4eba\u985e\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u985e\u4eba\u733f\u9010\u6b65\u5206\u679d\u70ba\u9577\u81c2\u733f\u3001\u7329\u7329\u3001\u5927\u7329\u7329\u548c\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u662f\u4eba\u65cf(hominids)\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u5357\u65b9\u53e4\u733f(Australopithecus)\uff0c\u6e90\u81ea\u5927\u7d044\u767e\u842c\u5e74\u524d\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u65cf\u88fd\u9020\u77f3\u5668\u6f14\u5316\u70ba\u5169\u500b\u5e73\u884c\u7684\u5206\u679d\uff1a\u5357\u65b9\u53e4\u733f\u7684\u5f8c\u4ee3\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u4eba\u5c6c(Homo)\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6d3b\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u8840\u7de3\u5305\u62ec\u5de7\u4eba(Homo habilis)(\u6703\u88fd\u9020\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u4eba\uff0c200\u842c\u5e74\u524d)\u3001\u76f4\u7acb\u4eba(Homo erectus)(\u7ad9\u7acb\u7684\u4eba\uff0c150\u842c\u5e74\u524d)\u3002\u9077\u5f99\u4f7f\u5f97\u5de7\u4eba\u548c\u76f4\u7acb\u4eba\u5f9e\u975e\u6d32\u904d\u4f48\u5230\u6b50\u4e9e\u5927\u9678\u548c\u5357\u4e9e\u2026\u2026\u9077\u79fb\u5230\u9019\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u76f4\u7acb\u4eba\u8840\u7de3\u5f8c\u4f86\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most recent ‘out of Africa’ migrations of the genus Homo followed a similar migration track to that of H. erectus into Eurasia from 300,000 years ago. In these migrations, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens (modern humans) coexisted and indeed interbred. Neanderthals became extinct as a separate species of Homo about 40,000 years ago, but some Neanderthal DNA lives on in H. sapiens, which survived as the dominant and then sole human species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6700\u8fd1\u671f\u4eba\u5c6c\u300c\u9060\u96e2\u975e\u6d32\u300d\u7684\u9077\u5f92\u662f30\u842c\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u5faa\u76f4\u7acb\u4eba\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u9014\u5f91\u9032\u5165\u6b50\u4e9e\u5927\u9678\u3002\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u9077\u5f99\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u5c6c\u5c3c\u5b89\u5fb7\u5854\u4eba\u548c\u4eba\u5c6c\u667a\u4eba\u662f\u6df7\u5c45\u800c\u4e14\u6df7\u7a2e\u7684\u3002\u5c3c\u5b89\u5fb7\u5854\u4eba\u662f\u4eba\u5c6c\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u7a2e\u5f8c\u4f86\u57284\u842c\u5e74\u524d\u6ec5\u7d55\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6709\u4e9b\u5c3c\u5b89\u5fb7\u5854\u4eba\u7684DNA\u5247\u9084\u7559\u5728\u667a\u4eba\u9ad4\u5167\uff0c\u7e7c\u7e8c\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e0b\u4f86\u6210\u70ba\u4e3b\u5bb0\u6700\u7d42\u8b8a\u6210\u4eba\u985e\u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u7269\u7a2e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From 300,000 years ago, H. sapiens spread from Africa into southern Asia, reaching to Australia by 60,000 years ago and back into Europe by 40,000 years ago. The American continents were the most recent to be occupied by humans, with North America reached by 20,000 years ago, either by land travel from Mongolia and the now collapsed Bering land bridge southwards through Canada, or by a combination of sea and land travel to South America and northwards to North America, again over land. H. sapiens colonized the entire world (except for Antarctica) and began wreaking changes on the planet and its ecosystem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f9e30\u842c\u5e74\u524d\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u667a\u4eba\u958b\u679d\u6563\u8449\uff0c\u5f9e\u975e\u6d32\u6563\u4f48\u5230\u5357\u4e9e\uff0c\u57286\u842c\u5e74\u524d\u5230\u9054\u6fb3\u6d32\u5927\u9678\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u57284\u842c\u5e74\u524d\u56de\u5230\u6b50\u6d32\u3002\u7f8e\u6d32\u5927\u9678\u6700\u665a\u8fd1\u624d\u6709\u4eba\u985e\uff0c\u57282\u842c\u5e74\u524d\u5230\u9054\u5317\u7f8e\uff0c\u5f9e\u8499\u53e4\u53ca\u73fe\u5728\u5df2\u7d93\u9677\u5931\u7684\u767d\u4ee4\u9678\u6a4b\u5f80\u897f\u5357\u65b9\u5411\u7a7f\u904e\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\uff0c\u6216\u4f75\u7528\u6c34\u3001\u9678\u5169\u7a2e\u4ea4\u901a\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u9077\u5f99\u5230\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\u7136\u5f8c\u5411\u5317\u7d93\u9678\u5730\u5230\u5317\u7f8e\u6d32\u3002\u5f9e\u90a3\u6642\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u667a\u4eba\u5c31\u4f54\u64da\u4e86\u5168\u4e16\u754c(\u9664\u4e86\u5357\u6975\u4e4b\u5916)\u958b\u8d77\u5c0d\u5730\u7403\u53ca\u5176\u751f\u614b\u9a5a\u5929\u52d5\u5730\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u6539\u8b8a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At first, humans were nomadic, following migrating animals, and, as in the case of the herds of mammoths that once roamed the North American plains and the Russian steppes, hunting them mercilessly and contributing to their extinction. This started the Anthropocene epoch in geology, in which specifically human life is a distinct force in the history of the Earth (the first part of ‘Anthropocene\u2019 comes from the Greek word for ‘human’). An early trace of this era can be seen in the dense archaeological stratum of mammoth bones at the killing field in Clovis, New Mexico, one of the earliest surviving scenes of human activity in North America, 13,000 years ago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8d77\u521d\u4eba\u985e\u662f\u6e38\u7267\u7684\uff0c\u8ddf\u8457\u52d5\u7269\u9077\u5f99\u7684\u8173\u6b65\u3002\u4ee5\u4e00\u5ea6\u5728\u5317\u7f8e\u53ca\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u5927\u8349\u539f\u5f9c\u5f89\u7684\u731b\u7341\u8c61\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u4eba\u985e\u7121\u60c5\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u6bba\u622e\u7d42\u81f4\u6ec5\u7d55\u3002\u9019\u958b\u59cb\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u4e16(Anthropocene epoch)\u7684\u5730\u8cea\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u6210\u70ba\u5730\u7403\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e00\u80a1\u7368\u4e00\u7121\u4e8c\u7684\u52e2\u529b(Anthropocene\u9019\u500b\u5b57\u7684\u524d\u6bb5\u5728\u5e0c\u81d8\u6587\u5b57\u662fhuman, \u4eba\u985e\u7684\u610f\u601d)\u3002\u4eba\u985e\u4e16\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u75d5\u8de1\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u8003\u53e4\u5730\u5c64\u4e2d\u731b\u7341\u8c61\u7684\u907a\u9aa8\u770b\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u4f4d\u65bc\u65b0\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5dde\u7684Clovis\uff0c\u662f13000\u5e74\u524d\u4eba\u985e\u6d3b\u52d5\u6240\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u671f\u5e7e\u500b\u6b98\u666f\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gradually, humans switched their mode of living to become sedentary. They initiated agriculture, clearing forests to grow crops, replacing virgin forest with cultivated landscapes. Humans tamed rivers and lived in permanent settlements. From 9,000 years ago, humans built cities, adding man-made structures of a geological scale to the landscape. Within the last half-millennium, industrial activity began to alter the very composition of the Earth’s surface and its atmosphere. Humans changed geology, altering the shape of the land through large-scale activities of mining and civil engineering and the disposition and mix of its vegetation through land clearance and agriculture. With the population of H. sapiens exploding, human pressure on the habitats of other species has been leading to their decline and, in too many cases, extinction en masse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6f38\u6f38\u5730\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u9078\u64c7\u4e86\u66f4\u5b89\u5b9a\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u958b\u59cb\u5f9e\u4e8b\u8fb2\u696d\uff0c\u780d\u6389\u68ee\u6797\u4f86\u7a2e\u690d\u4f5c\u7269\uff0c\u628a\u539f\u59cb\u68ee\u6797\u8b8a\u6210\u958b\u58be\u7684\u5730\u666f\u3002\u4eba\u985e\u99b4\u5316\u6cb3\u5ddd\u904e\u8d77\u5b9a\u5c45\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u5f9e9000\u5e74\u524d\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u5efa\u9020\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4eba\u9020\u7684\u69cb\u9020\u7269\u6210\u70ba\u5730\u8cea\u5e74\u4ee3\u898f\u6a21\u7684\u5730\u666f\u3002\u5728\u904e\u53bb500\u5e74\uff0c\u5de5\u696d\u6d3b\u52d5\u958b\u59cb\u6539\u8b8a\u5730\u7403\u8868\u9762\u53ca\u5927\u6c23\u5c64\u7684\u7d44\u6210\u3002\u4eba\u985e\u6539\u8b8a\u4e86\u5730\u8cea\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u7684\u63a1\u7926\u548c\u71df\u9020\u8b8a\u66f4\u5927\u5730\u7684\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u780d\u4f10\u68ee\u6797\u548c\u8fb2\u696d\u4f86\u6539\u8b8a\u690d\u7269\u7684\u7d44\u6210\u3002\u96a8\u8457\u667a\u4eba\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u7206\u589e\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u5c0d\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u7a2e\u68f2\u5730\u7684\u58d3\u529b\u5df2\u7d93\u5c0e\u81f4\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u6578\u91cf\u4e0a\u7684\u8870\u9000\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u7684\u6ec5\u7d55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If we represent the biography of the Universe as a timeline that is as long as all the writing in this book, strung out into a single row, the Earth was born somewhere in the middle of the words of Chapter 7. Homo sapiens occupies the book’s last word or two, and human civilization less than the width of the last letter. Your lifetime, as part of that cosmic history up to the present moment, is represented by a small fraction of the last full stop.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u628a\u5b87\u5b99\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u6642\u9593\u5e8f\u5217\u6bd4\u55bb\u70ba\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u5beb\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e32\u6210\u4e00\u6574\u5217\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u5927\u6982\u5728\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u4e2d\u8a95\u751f\u3002\u667a\u4eba\u5247\u53ea\u4f54\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u500b\u6216\u5169\u500b\u5b57\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u6587\u660e\u5247\u4e0d\u5230\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u500b\u82f1\u6587\u5b57\u6bcd\u7684\u5bec\u5ea6\u3002\u4f60\u7684\u4e00\u751f\uff0c\u6bd4\u8d77\u78d0\u53e4\u958b\u5929\u5230\u73fe\u5728\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u90a3\u500b\u53e5\u9ede\u5f88\u5c0f\u5f88\u5c0f\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*\uff1aPaul Murdin,\u201dThe Universe, A Biography,\u201d 2022, Thames & Hudson Ttd, London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P.S. \u7167\u7247\u70ba\u85cd\u83cc\u7522\u751f\u7684\u6bd2\u7d20\u8db3\u4ee5\u6bd2\u6b7b\u9b5a(\u7dad\u57fa\u767e\u79d1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2023\/2\/23 \u4eba\u985e\u662f\u6975\u70ba\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\u7684\u5b58\u5728  Damakey<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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