{"id":37152,"date":"2024-02-20T11:08:00","date_gmt":"2024-02-20T03:08:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=37152"},"modified":"2024-03-27T11:10:15","modified_gmt":"2024-03-27T03:10:15","slug":"%e8%ae%93%e6%88%91%e5%80%91%e4%b8%8d%e8%a6%81%e6%83%b3%e5%a4%aa%e5%a4%9a%ef%bc%8c%e5%a5%bd%e5%a5%bd%e9%81%8e%e6%89%8b%e4%b8%8a%e6%8e%8c%e6%8f%a1%e5%88%b0%e7%9a%84%e6%af%8f%e4%b8%80%e5%88%86%e5%92%8c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=37152","title":{"rendered":"\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u8981\u60f3\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u597d\u597d\u904e\u624b\u4e0a\u638c\u63e1\u5230\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u5206\u548c\u6bcf\u4e00\u79d2\u5c31\u597d\u4e86"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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\u5728\u201cThe Universe, A Biography\u201d \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u6bb5\u95dc\u65bc\u5730\u7403\u6240\u5728\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d\u592a\u71b1\u4e5f\u4e0d\u592a\u51b7\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b9c\u5c45\uff0c\u6709\u8af8\u591a\u63a2\u8a0e\uff0c\u800c\u90a3\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u83ab\u5927\u7684\u5947\u8e5f\u3002\u7bc0\u9304\u4e00\u4e9b\u65bc\u540e\uff0c\u4f9b\u5927\u5bb6\u53c3\u8003\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On a cosmic scale the solar system is insignificant compared to galaxies and stars, and in cosmic history it is a late arrival, which is why it appears towards the end of this biography of the Universe. This book commenced with a Big Bang, but the story is only now reaching towards what appears to us to be its culmination: the emergence of humankind as a cosmic phenomenon. This perspective is self-centred and what appears to us to be the climax is, in a broader perspective, of limited impact and short duration (see Chapter 12).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The potential for planets to exist and to host life on their surface is present in the interstellar medium of our Galaxy, and was realized in our solar system as the Sun came into existence in the solar nebula. The solar nebula formed a disc of gas and solid grains that rotated around the nascent Sun, travelling in more or less circular orbits (see Chapter 6). The gas originated in interstellar space and was mostly hydrogen and helium, made in the Big Bang, but it also contained simple molecular compounds, made of elements like carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, themselves made in stars. Molecules of few atoms were the more common because they were simpler to make in the vacuous spaces of the Galaxy than complicated molecules. They included hydrogen molecules (two hydrogen atoms, H2), water (two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen, H2O), ammonia (three atoms of hydrogen and one of nitrogen, NH,) and carbon mon- and di-oxide (one atom of carbon and one or two of oxygen respectively, CO and CO2); more complex molecules like methanol (one atom each of carbon and oxygen and four of hydrogen, CH3OH) and acetaldehyde (two atoms of carbon, one of oxygen and four of hydrogen, CH,CHO) also occurred.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex molecules discovered so far in interstellar space have a dozen or more atoms, like benzene, C6H6, with six carbon and six hydrogen atoms arranged in a ring. Buckminsterfullerene molecules (informally known as ‘bucky balls’) have only one kind of atom but many of them: each has sixty carbon atoms arranged in a structure typical of a geodesic dome designed by the architect Buckminster Fuller.*<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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We could infer that these might have been about as complex as the molecules of the solar nebula, before it became warm and dense and cooked up anything more complicated. The chemical composition of the disc was similar to that of comets in the modern solar system; indeed, the solar nebula was the material from which comets originated. Interstellar space is cold, like comets, and these molecules, and others like them, were at the outset frozen onto the grains of the solar nebula as various forms of ice, then amalgamated together as comets 4.5 billion years ago. Until a comet for some reason ventures into the warmth of the Sun, which activates further chemical reactions, it will have remained little changed since then.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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At the same time as these molecules were accumulating into the solar nebula, the Sun was forming at its centre, brightening and radiating more heat. This warmed those grains that were unshadowed in the zones nearest to the Sun. There, the ice melted and vaporized – or more correctly, in space the ice ‘sublimated’, turning directly from solid to gas without passing through the liquid form. (Frozen carbon dioxide commonly does this even on Earth, as when dry ice is used in a gothic theatrical production to simulate fog on the stage.) Solid grains were left behind as the sublimated vapour joined the other gases in the solar nebula.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The boundary between the inner zone where most of the frozen ices are vaporized and the outer zone where they remain solid is called the snow line, by analogy with the contour line on a high mountain above which snow remains frozen all the year. Typically, the snow line in young stars like the Sun lies at a radius of two or three times the radius of the Earth’s orbit (the radius of the Earth’s orbit is defined as I astronomical unit, so 2-3 astronomical units, corresponding to about the orbit of Mars in our solar system). Inside the snow line, the solar nebula became dry, made of solid grains, and the ices vaporized. Molecules of the gases (mostly hydrogen and helium) warmed and dissipated away from the Sun. Outside the snow line, grains kept their icy cover and the gases stayed put.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The snow line differs somewhat in its location from compound to compound, depending on the temperature at which the solid form of the compound changes to vapour. ‘The’ snow line is taken as the boundary between water vapour and water ice. In general, however, there develops a progressive change of composition of the solar nebula as different compounds vaporize. This means that there are compositional differences in solar system bodies, depending on where they formed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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*\uff1aPaul Murdin,\u201dThe Universe, A Biography,\u201d 2022, Thames & Hudson Ttd, London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2024\/2\/20 \u8b93\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u8981\u60f3\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u597d\u597d\u904e\u624b\u4e0a\u638c\u63e1\u5230\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u5206\u548c\u6bcf\u4e00\u79d2\u5c31\u597d\u4e86 Damakey<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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