{"id":37111,"date":"2024-02-05T10:03:00","date_gmt":"2024-02-05T02:03:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=37111"},"modified":"2024-03-27T10:05:30","modified_gmt":"2024-03-27T02:05:30","slug":"%e6%96%af%e6%ba%ab%e6%b0%8f%e9%b5%9f-buteo-swainsoni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=37111","title":{"rendered":"\u65af\u6eab\u6c0f\u9d5f Buteo swainsoni"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u2026That winter(1993), Brian and two of his former field assistants traveled down there, expecting to conduct some basic life-history research\u2014nothing earthshaking, just some ground-floor biology, since almost no one had ever studied Swainsons hawks in their nonbreeding range. The trio followed the transmitter coordinates deep into the pampas, and were jubilant to find the hawks coming in to roost in the montes at dusk in flocks numbering in the thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1993\u5e74\u51ac\u5929\uff0c\u5e03\u840a\u6069\u548c\u5169\u4f4d\u524d\u91ce\u5916\u7814\u7a76\u52a9\u7406\u5230\u4e86\u90a3\u5152\uff0c\u539f\u4f86\u53ea\u662f\u9032\u884c\u57fa\u672c\u751f\u6d3b\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u4ec0\u9ebc\u77f3\u7834\u5929\u9a5a\u7684\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u50c5\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u904e\u53bb\uff0c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u7814\u7a76\u904e\u65af\u6eab\u6c0f\u9d5f(\u97f3\u310e\u3128\u3124\u02ca\uff09\u5728\u975e\u7e41\u6b96\u5340\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u4e09\u500b\u4eba\u8ffd\u8e64\u4e86\u7d81\u5728\u9ce5\u8eab\u4e0a\u767c\u5831\u5668\u6240\u50b3\u4f86\u7684\u5ea7\u6a19\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u6df1\u5165\u5230\u5f6d\u5df4\u65af\u5927\u8349\u539f\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5f88\u958b\u5fc3\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u5728\u660f\u9ec3\u7684\u591c\u8272\u4e2d\u6578\u5343\u96bb\u6210\u7fa4\u7684\u9d5f\u9df9\uff0c\u98db\u5230\u4e86\u8499\u5730\u65af(montes)\u9644\u8fd1\u68f2\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But jubilation was quickly replaced by shock and horror when they discovered equally large numbers of dead Swainson’s hawks littering the fields and woodlots. Frantically questioning local farmers, Brian and his friends soon learned that the birds, which feed on large insects during their time in Argentina, were likely being killed by a powerful pesticide, an organophosphate called monocrotophos, which landowners-who were converting grazing land to row crops like sunflowers and soybeans-were spraying to control a grasshopper outbreak. Quickly shifting their focus to forensics, the Americans began to make methodical surveys of the devastation, finding dead hawks with poisoned grasshoppers still in their mouths. Sifting among the fetid carcasses and insect-stripped skeletons, trying to tabulate the losses, they also found leg bands, including one that Woodbridge himself had placed on a nestling in the Butte Valley years earlier, and whose breeding success as an adult he’d documented.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5feb\u6a02\u7684\u5fc3\u60c5\u99ac\u4e0a\u88ab\u9707\u9a5a\u548c\u6050\u61fc\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u767c\u73fe\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u65af\u6eab\u6c0f\u9d5f\u6563\u843d\u5728\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u548c\u690d\u6797\u5340\u3002\u5feb\u5feb\u5411\u7576\u5730\u7684\u8fb2\u6c11\u8a62\u554f\uff0c\u5e03\u840a\u6069\u4e00\u884c\u4eba\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u9ce5\u985e\u5728\u505c\u7559\u963f\u6839\u5ead\u7684\u671f\u9593\uff0c\u4ee5\u5927\u578b\u6606\u87f2\u70ba\u98df\uff0c\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u6606\u87f2\u53ef\u80fd\u6b7b\u65bc\u4e00\u7a2e\u8d85\u5f37\u7684\u6bba\u87f2\u5291\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u7a31\u70ba\u4e9e\u7d20\u9748\u7684\u6709\u6a5f\u78f7\u3002\u7576\u5730\u4e3b\u628a\u8349\u5730\u6539\u70ba\u7a2e\u690d\u5411\u65e5\u8475\u6216\u9ec3\u8c46\u6642\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u8757\u5bb3\uff0c\u5674\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u6bba\u87f2\u5291\u3002\u63a5\u8457\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u5fc3\u6539\u70ba\u4e86\u89e3\u9ce5\u7684\u6b7b\u56e0\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u7f8e\u570b\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u958b\u59cb\u7528\u6b63\u898f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8abf\u67e5\u707d\u60c5\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u6b7b\u6389\u7684\u9d5f\u9df9\u5634\u5df4\u90fd\u9084\u542b\u8457\u4e2d\u6bd2\u7684\u8757\u87f2\u3002\u5f9e\u767c\u81ed\u7684\u9ce5\u5c4d\u548c\u6606\u87f2\u6495\u88c2\u800c\u9732\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u9aa8\u67b6\uff0c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u4f30\u8a08\u640d\u5bb3\uff0c\u7531\u9ce5\u8173\u4e0a\u7684\u7e6b\u5e36\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u96bb\u662f\u4ed6\u5e7e\u5e74\u524d\u5728Butte Valley(\u7f8e\u570b\u52a0\u5dde)\u7e6b\u653e\u7684\u96db\u9ce5\uff0c\u4e4b\u5f8c\u8a18\u9304\u70ba\u6210\u529f\u9577\u5927\u70ba\u6210\u9ce5\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Returning the next winter with a larger team comprised of both American scientists and Argentinian researchers and government officials, they found even greater numbers of dead and dying hawks, as many as 3,000 lying in a single field. The team estimated that up to 20,000 Swainson’s hawks, mostly breeding-age adults, had died in this one relatively small area of the vast pampas-and there was every indication that the carnage extended across most, perhaps all, of the hawks’ wintering range in Argentina. The true numbers were impossible to gauge, but it was clear that just a few more years like these would quickly plunge the entire species\u2014long among the most common and widespread raptors in North America\u2014toward extinction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9694\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ddf\u8457\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5718\u968a\u56de\u4f86\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u3001\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u54e1\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u767c\u73fe\u66f4\u5927\u91cf\u5df2\u7d93\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u548c\u5728\u5782\u6b7b\u908a\u7de3\u6399\u624e\u7684\u9d5f\u9df9\uff0c\u5149\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u5730\u65b9\u5c31\u67093000\u96bb\u8eba\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\u3002\u90a3\u500b\u5718\u968a\u4f30\u8a08\u7d04\u9ad8\u905420,000\u96bb\u65af\u6eab\u6c0f\u9d5f\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5c46\u7e41\u6b96\u5e74\u9f61\u7684\u6210\u9ce5\uff0c\u96c6\u4e2d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u5728\u82e5\u5927\u5f6d\u5df4\u65af\u5927\u8349\u539f\u4e2d\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u5340\u584a\uff0c\u5f9e\u5404\u7a2e\u8de1\u8c61\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u5927\u5c60\u6bba\u61c9\u8a72\u767c\u751f\u5728\u9d5f\u9e70\u65bc\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6216\u6240\u6709\u7684\u51ac\u5929\u68f2\u5730\u3002\u7cbe\u78ba\u7684\u6578\u5b57\u7121\u6cd5\u4f30\u7b97\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0d\u6d88\u5e7e\u5e74\u5c31\u6703\u5927\u91cf\u6d88\u6ec5\u6574\u500b\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u65bc\u9019\u7a2e\u5317\u7f8e\u6d32\u9577\u671f\u6700\u5e38\u898b\u800c\u4e14\u5206\u4f48\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u731b\u79bd\uff0c\u5c07\u88ab\u8feb\u8d70\u5411\u7d55\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That did not happen. By January 1997, in the middle of the austral summer when I joined Brian and his team back on the pampas for their third season, things were moving in a positive direction. Bird conservation groups, led by the American Bird Conservancy, had negotiated a deal with the manufacturer to pull monocrotophos off the market. The Argentine government had moved quickly to ban the chemical for use against grasshoppers and to buy back existing stocks from farmers, and had launched a major education campaign about the danger to the raptors. Everyone was holding their breath, waiting to see if the destruction might at last abate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9084\u597d\u6ec5\u7d55\u6c92\u6709\u767c\u751f\u3002\u57281997\u5e74\u5143\u6708\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u90a3\u500b\u5357\u534a\u7403\u7684\u590f\u5929\u52a0\u5165\u5e03\u840a\u6069\u7684\u5718\u968a\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u5f6d\u5df4\u65af\u5927\u8349\u539f\uff0c\u4e8b\u60c5\u5f80\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u5728\u7531\u7f8e\u570b\u9ce5\u985e\u4fdd\u8b77\u5354\u6703\u9818\u8ecd\u7684\u9ce5\u985e\u4fdd\u80b2\u5718\u9ad4\uff0c\u548c\u8fb2\u85e5\u88fd\u9020\u5546\u8ac7\u5224\uff0c\u628a\u4e9e\u7d20\u9748\u5f9e\u5e02\u5834\u4e0a\u4e0b\u67b6\u3002\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u5ead\u653f\u5e9c\u8fc5\u901f\u7981\u6b62\u518d\u4f7f\u7528\u9019\u7a2e\u85e5\u4f86\u63a7\u5236\u8757\u87f2\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u4e26\u51fa\u9322\u5f9e\u8fb2\u6c11\u624b\u4e0a\u628a\u5eab\u5b58\u8cb7\u4e86\u4e0b\u4f86\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u767c\u52d5\u6559\u80b2\u5ba3\u5c0e\u8b93\u5927\u5bb6\u77e5\u9053\u90a3\u7a2e\u85e5\u7269\u5c0d\u98db\u884c\u731b\u79bd\u7684\u5371\u5bb3\u3002\u5927\u5bb6\u6452\u606f\u4ee5\u5f85\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u640d\u5bb3\u7d42\u65bc\u53ef\u4ee5\u66ab\u7de9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Best of all\u2026the Butte Valley’s hawks had continued their slow recovery from that pesticide-induced nadir, effectively doubling their numbers\u2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6700\u68d2\u7684\u662f\uff0cButte Valley\u7684\u9d5f\u9df9\uff0c\u7531\u8fb2\u85e5\u6bba\u5bb3\u4ee5\u81f4\u8b8a\u5c11\u7684\u707d\u60c5\u4e2d\uff0c\u9010\u6f38\u7de9\u6162\u6062\u5fa9\u904e\u4f86\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6578\u91cf\u5df2\u7d93\u500d\u589e\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Twenty years ago the world saved Swainson’s hawks from a single, sharply defined threat and celebrated a well-earned conservation victory. Today, the hawk’s most ardent advocates admire the bird’s adaptability, and take comfort from its ability to thrive in many human-altered landscapes. But also I heard concerns about new issues-some immense and diffuse, like climate change and a drying landscape, some much more specific and near at hand, weirdly unexpected. I mean, honestly-what raptor biologist ever expected to lose sleep over America’s hunger for year-round strawberries?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u633d\u6551\u4e86\u65af\u6eab\u6c0f\u9d5f\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e00\u500b\u55ae\u4e00\u7684\u3001\u660e\u78ba\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u4e0b\uff0c\u8d0f\u5f97\u4e86\u503c\u5f97\u6176\u795d\u7684\u4fdd\u80b2\u52dd\u5229\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u9d5f\u9df9\u4fdd\u80b2\u7684\u71b1\u5fc3\u63a8\u52d5\u8005\u63a8\u5d07\u90a3\u985e\u9ce5\u7684\u9ad8\u8d85\u9069\u61c9\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u80fd\u5728\u4eba\u985e\u6539\u9020\u7684\u5730\u666f\u4e2d\u7e7c\u7e8c\u7e41\u884d\u800c\u611f\u5230\u5bec\u5fc3\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u9084\u662f\u807d\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ee4\u4eba\u6182\u616e\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u6975\u6df1\u9060\u548c\u5927\u7bc4\u570d\u7684\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u6c23\u5019\u8b8a\u9077\u548c\u5944\u5944\u4e00\u606f\u7684\u5730\u666f\uff1b\u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u6bd4\u8f03\u660e\u78ba\u5177\u9ad4\u3001\u6700\u63a5\u8fd1\u7684\u4f46\u602a\u7570\u4e14\u51fa\u4e4e\u9810\u6599\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u3002\u6211\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u6191\u5fc3\u800c\u8ad6\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u731b\u79bd\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u5bb6\u600e\u6703\u6599\u5230\uff0c\u55ae\u55ae\u56e0\u70ba\u7f8e\u570b\u4eba\u60f3\u8981\u4e00\u5e74\u5230\u982d\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5403\u5230\u8349\u8393\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u8b93\u4ed6\u5011\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u5b89\u800c\u5931\u7720\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8b80\u5f8c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u65af\u6eab\u6c0f\u9d5f\u5728\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u7684\u906d\u9047\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u60f3\u5230\u53f0\u7063\u4e5f\u6709\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u540d\u7a31\u53eb\u505a\u300c\u8001\u9df9\u7d05\u8c46\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7d05\u8c46\u4ee5\u5c4f\u6771\u842c\u4e39\u7a2e\u690d\u7684\u6700\u6709\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u524d\u8fb2\u6c11\u70ba\u4e86\u589e\u52a0\u7d05\u8c46\u7684\u7522\u91cf\uff0c\u5c0d\u98df\u7528\u7d05\u8c46\u7684\u300c\u5bb3\u9ce5\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5bb3\u9f20\u300d\u52a0\u4ee5\u6bd2\u5bb3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6c92\u60f3\u5230\u63a0\u98df\u9ce5\u96c0\u548c\u8001\u9f20\u7684\u8001\u9df9\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u70ba\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u9593\u63a5\u651d\u5165\u4e86\u6bd2\u85e5\u800c\u5927\u91cf\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8001\u9f20\u5c0d\u8001\u9f20\u85e5\u7684\u62b5\u6297\u529b\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u5f37\uff0c\u548c\u9ce5\u96c0\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5728\u7f3a\u4e4f\u63a0\u98df\u6027\u9df9\u985e\u7684\u5236\u8861\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u7e7c\u7e8c\u5927\u91cf\u7e41\u6b96\uff0c\u5403\u6389\u66f4\u591a\u7530\u88cf\u7684\u7d05\u8c46\uff0c\u8fb2\u6c11\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u518d\u52a0\u5927\u6bd2\u85e5\u7684\u5291\u91cf\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u60e1\u6027\u5faa\u74b0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u64da\u5c4f\u79d1\u5927\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8001\u9df9\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\u9cf6\uff0c\u57282015\u5e74\u4f30\u8a08\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b426\u96bb\uff0c\u662f\u7015\u81e8\u7d55\u7a2e\u7684\u908a\u7de3\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u842c\u4e39\u7684\u8fb2\u6c11\u5f8c\u4f86\u7d42\u65bc\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u8001\u9df9\u3001\u8001\u9f20\u3001\u5c0f\u9ce5\u3001\u7d05\u8c46\u81ea\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u5341\u5206\u5de7\u5999\u7684\u751f\u614b\u5708\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u958b\u59cb\u6e1b\u7528\u8fb2\u85e5\uff0c\u4fdd\u80b2\u9df9\u985e\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u81ea\u7136\u6291\u5236\u9ce5\u96c0\u548c\u8001\u9f20\u7684\u6578\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7d05\u8c46\u5728\u6536\u6210\u524d\uff0c\u6703\u65bd\u6253\u843d\u8449\u5291\uff0c\u4ee5\u7bc0\u7701\u63a1\u6536\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u6bd4\u8f03\u8b1b\u7a76\u7684\u8fb2\u5bb6\u5c31\u6368\u68c4\u4e86\u843d\u8449\u5291\uff0c\u6539\u63a1\u7528\u4eba\u5de5\u63a1\u6536\u3002\u8d8a\u6230\u843d\u8449\u5291\u5c0d\u4eba\u9ad4\u5371\u5bb3\u7684\u6bb7\u9451\u4e0d\u9060\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u73fe\u5728\u7528\u5728\u7d05\u8c46\u4e0a\u7684\u6bd2\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u8f03\u4f4e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7562\u7adf\u4e5f\u662f\u6bd2\u8fb2\u85e5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u8001\u9df9\u53eb\u505a\u300c\u9ed1\u9cf6\u300dMilvus migrans\uff0c\u9df9\u79d1\u3001\u9df9\u5c6c\u3002\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u65af\u6eab\u6c0f\u9d5fButeo swainsoni\u5247\u70ba\u9df9\u79d1\u3001\u9d5f\u5c6c\u3002\u90fd\u662f\u63a0\u98df\u6027\u7684\u731b\u79bd(raptor)\uff0c\u731b\u6b78\u731b\u537b\u9700\u8981\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\u5462\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*\uff1aScott Weidensaul, \u201cA World on the wind,\u201d 2021, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

**\uff1a\u76f8\u7247\u4f86\u81ea\u7dad\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff0cA Swainson’s Hawk (Buteo swainsoni) near Barr Lake State Park, Colorado, September 3, 2005. Edit performed on February 6, 2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2024\/1\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026That winter(1993), Brian and two of his former field assistants traveled down there, expecting to conduct some basic life-history research\u2014nothing earthshaking, just some ground-floor biology, since almost no one had ever studied Swainsons hawks in their nonbreeding range. The trio followed the transmitter coordinates deep into the pampas, and were jubilant to find the hawks coming in to roost in the montes at dusk in flocks numbering in the thousands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1993\u5e74\u51ac\u5929\uff0c\u5e03\u840a\u6069\u548c\u5169\u4f4d\u524d\u91ce\u5916\u7814\u7a76\u52a9\u7406\u5230\u4e86\u90a3\u5152\uff0c\u539f\u4f86\u53ea\u662f\u9032\u884c\u57fa\u672c\u751f\u6d3b\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u4ec0\u9ebc\u77f3\u7834\u5929\u9a5a\u7684\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u50c5\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u904e\u53bb\uff0c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u7814\u7a76\u904e\u65af\u6eab\u6c0f\u9d5f(\u97f3\u310e\u3128\u3124\u02ca\uff09\u5728\u975e\u7e41\u6b96\u5340\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u4e09\u500b\u4eba\u8ffd\u8e64\u4e86\u7d81\u5728\u9ce5\u8eab\u4e0a\u767c\u5831\u5668\u6240\u50b3\u4f86\u7684\u5ea7\u6a19\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u6df1\u5165\u5230\u5f6d\u5df4\u65af\u5927\u8349\u539f\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5f88\u958b\u5fc3\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u5728\u660f\u9ec3\u7684\u591c\u8272\u4e2d\u6578\u5343\u96bb\u6210\u7fa4\u7684\u9d5f\u9df9\uff0c\u98db\u5230\u4e86\u8499\u5730\u65af(montes)\u9644\u8fd1\u68f2\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But jubilation was quickly replaced by shock and horror when they discovered equally large numbers of dead Swainson’s hawks littering the fields and woodlots. Frantically questioning local farmers, Brian and his friends soon learned that the birds, which feed on large insects during their time in Argentina, were likely being killed by a powerful pesticide, an organophosphate called monocrotophos, which landowners-who were converting grazing land to row crops like sunflowers and soybeans-were spraying to control a grasshopper outbreak. Quickly shifting their focus to forensics, the Americans began to make methodical surveys of the devastation, finding dead hawks with poisoned grasshoppers still in their mouths. Sifting among the fetid carcasses and insect-stripped skeletons, trying to tabulate the losses, they also found leg bands, including one that Woodbridge himself had placed on a nestling in the Butte Valley years earlier, and whose breeding success as an adult he’d documented.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5feb\u6a02\u7684\u5fc3\u60c5\u99ac\u4e0a\u88ab\u9707\u9a5a\u548c\u6050\u61fc\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u767c\u73fe\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u65af\u6eab\u6c0f\u9d5f\u6563\u843d\u5728\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u548c\u690d\u6797\u5340\u3002\u5feb\u5feb\u5411\u7576\u5730\u7684\u8fb2\u6c11\u8a62\u554f\uff0c\u5e03\u840a\u6069\u4e00\u884c\u4eba\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u9ce5\u985e\u5728\u505c\u7559\u963f\u6839\u5ead\u7684\u671f\u9593\uff0c\u4ee5\u5927\u578b\u6606\u87f2\u70ba\u98df\uff0c\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u6606\u87f2\u53ef\u80fd\u6b7b\u65bc\u4e00\u7a2e\u8d85\u5f37\u7684\u6bba\u87f2\u5291\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u7a31\u70ba\u4e9e\u7d20\u9748\u7684\u6709\u6a5f\u78f7\u3002\u7576\u5730\u4e3b\u628a\u8349\u5730\u6539\u70ba\u7a2e\u690d\u5411\u65e5\u8475\u6216\u9ec3\u8c46\u6642\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u8757\u5bb3\uff0c\u5674\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u6bba\u87f2\u5291\u3002\u63a5\u8457\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u5fc3\u6539\u70ba\u4e86\u89e3\u9ce5\u7684\u6b7b\u56e0\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u7f8e\u570b\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u958b\u59cb\u7528\u6b63\u898f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8abf\u67e5\u707d\u60c5\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u6b7b\u6389\u7684\u9d5f\u9df9\u5634\u5df4\u90fd\u9084\u542b\u8457\u4e2d\u6bd2\u7684\u8757\u87f2\u3002\u5f9e\u767c\u81ed\u7684\u9ce5\u5c4d\u548c\u6606\u87f2\u6495\u88c2\u800c\u9732\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u9aa8\u67b6\uff0c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u4f30\u8a08\u640d\u5bb3\uff0c\u7531\u9ce5\u8173\u4e0a\u7684\u7e6b\u5e36\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u96bb\u662f\u4ed6\u5e7e\u5e74\u524d\u5728Butte Valley(\u7f8e\u570b\u52a0\u5dde)\u7e6b\u653e\u7684\u96db\u9ce5\uff0c\u4e4b\u5f8c\u8a18\u9304\u70ba\u6210\u529f\u9577\u5927\u70ba\u6210\u9ce5\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Returning the next winter with a larger team comprised of both American scientists and Argentinian researchers and government officials, they found even greater numbers of dead and dying hawks, as many as 3,000 lying in a single field. The team estimated that up to 20,000 Swainson’s hawks, mostly breeding-age adults, had died in this one relatively small area of the vast pampas-and there was every indication that the carnage extended across most, perhaps all, of the hawks’ wintering range in Argentina. The true numbers were impossible to gauge, but it was clear that just a few more years like these would quickly plunge the entire species\u2014long among the most common and widespread raptors in North America\u2014toward extinction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9694\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ddf\u8457\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5718\u968a\u56de\u4f86\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u3001\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u54e1\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u767c\u73fe\u66f4\u5927\u91cf\u5df2\u7d93\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u548c\u5728\u5782\u6b7b\u908a\u7de3\u6399\u624e\u7684\u9d5f\u9df9\uff0c\u5149\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u5730\u65b9\u5c31\u67093000\u96bb\u8eba\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\u3002\u90a3\u500b\u5718\u968a\u4f30\u8a08\u7d04\u9ad8\u905420,000\u96bb\u65af\u6eab\u6c0f\u9d5f\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5c46\u7e41\u6b96\u5e74\u9f61\u7684\u6210\u9ce5\uff0c\u96c6\u4e2d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u5728\u82e5\u5927\u5f6d\u5df4\u65af\u5927\u8349\u539f\u4e2d\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u5340\u584a\uff0c\u5f9e\u5404\u7a2e\u8de1\u8c61\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u5927\u5c60\u6bba\u61c9\u8a72\u767c\u751f\u5728\u9d5f\u9e70\u65bc\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6216\u6240\u6709\u7684\u51ac\u5929\u68f2\u5730\u3002\u7cbe\u78ba\u7684\u6578\u5b57\u7121\u6cd5\u4f30\u7b97\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0d\u6d88\u5e7e\u5e74\u5c31\u6703\u5927\u91cf\u6d88\u6ec5\u6574\u500b\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u65bc\u9019\u7a2e\u5317\u7f8e\u6d32\u9577\u671f\u6700\u5e38\u898b\u800c\u4e14\u5206\u4f48\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u731b\u79bd\uff0c\u5c07\u88ab\u8feb\u8d70\u5411\u7d55\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That did not happen. By January 1997, in the middle of the austral summer when I joined Brian and his team back on the pampas for their third season, things were moving in a positive direction. Bird conservation groups, led by the American Bird Conservancy, had negotiated a deal with the manufacturer to pull monocrotophos off the market. The Argentine government had moved quickly to ban the chemical for use against grasshoppers and to buy back existing stocks from farmers, and had launched a major education campaign about the danger to the raptors. Everyone was holding their breath, waiting to see if the destruction might at last abate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9084\u597d\u6ec5\u7d55\u6c92\u6709\u767c\u751f\u3002\u57281997\u5e74\u5143\u6708\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u90a3\u500b\u5357\u534a\u7403\u7684\u590f\u5929\u52a0\u5165\u5e03\u840a\u6069\u7684\u5718\u968a\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u5f6d\u5df4\u65af\u5927\u8349\u539f\uff0c\u4e8b\u60c5\u5f80\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u5728\u7531\u7f8e\u570b\u9ce5\u985e\u4fdd\u8b77\u5354\u6703\u9818\u8ecd\u7684\u9ce5\u985e\u4fdd\u80b2\u5718\u9ad4\uff0c\u548c\u8fb2\u85e5\u88fd\u9020\u5546\u8ac7\u5224\uff0c\u628a\u4e9e\u7d20\u9748\u5f9e\u5e02\u5834\u4e0a\u4e0b\u67b6\u3002\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u5ead\u653f\u5e9c\u8fc5\u901f\u7981\u6b62\u518d\u4f7f\u7528\u9019\u7a2e\u85e5\u4f86\u63a7\u5236\u8757\u87f2\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u4e26\u51fa\u9322\u5f9e\u8fb2\u6c11\u624b\u4e0a\u628a\u5eab\u5b58\u8cb7\u4e86\u4e0b\u4f86\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u767c\u52d5\u6559\u80b2\u5ba3\u5c0e\u8b93\u5927\u5bb6\u77e5\u9053\u90a3\u7a2e\u85e5\u7269\u5c0d\u98db\u884c\u731b\u79bd\u7684\u5371\u5bb3\u3002\u5927\u5bb6\u6452\u606f\u4ee5\u5f85\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u640d\u5bb3\u7d42\u65bc\u53ef\u4ee5\u66ab\u7de9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Best of all\u2026the Butte Valley’s hawks had continued their slow recovery from that pesticide-induced nadir, effectively doubling their numbers\u2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6700\u68d2\u7684\u662f\uff0cButte Valley\u7684\u9d5f\u9df9\uff0c\u7531\u8fb2\u85e5\u6bba\u5bb3\u4ee5\u81f4\u8b8a\u5c11\u7684\u707d\u60c5\u4e2d\uff0c\u9010\u6f38\u7de9\u6162\u6062\u5fa9\u904e\u4f86\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6578\u91cf\u5df2\u7d93\u500d\u589e\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Twenty years ago the world saved Swainson’s hawks from a single, sharply defined threat and celebrated a well-earned conservation victory. Today, the hawk’s most ardent advocates admire the bird’s adaptability, and take comfort from its ability to thrive in many human-altered landscapes. But also I heard concerns about new issues-some immense and diffuse, like climate change and a drying landscape, some much more specific and near at hand, weirdly unexpected. I mean, honestly-what raptor biologist ever expected to lose sleep over America’s hunger for year-round strawberries?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u633d\u6551\u4e86\u65af\u6eab\u6c0f\u9d5f\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e00\u500b\u55ae\u4e00\u7684\u3001\u660e\u78ba\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u4e0b\uff0c\u8d0f\u5f97\u4e86\u503c\u5f97\u6176\u795d\u7684\u4fdd\u80b2\u52dd\u5229\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u9d5f\u9df9\u4fdd\u80b2\u7684\u71b1\u5fc3\u63a8\u52d5\u8005\u63a8\u5d07\u90a3\u985e\u9ce5\u7684\u9ad8\u8d85\u9069\u61c9\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u80fd\u5728\u4eba\u985e\u6539\u9020\u7684\u5730\u666f\u4e2d\u7e7c\u7e8c\u7e41\u884d\u800c\u611f\u5230\u5bec\u5fc3\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u9084\u662f\u807d\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ee4\u4eba\u6182\u616e\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u6975\u6df1\u9060\u548c\u5927\u7bc4\u570d\u7684\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u6c23\u5019\u8b8a\u9077\u548c\u5944\u5944\u4e00\u606f\u7684\u5730\u666f\uff1b\u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u6bd4\u8f03\u660e\u78ba\u5177\u9ad4\u3001\u6700\u63a5\u8fd1\u7684\u4f46\u602a\u7570\u4e14\u51fa\u4e4e\u9810\u6599\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u3002\u6211\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u6191\u5fc3\u800c\u8ad6\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u731b\u79bd\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u5bb6\u600e\u6703\u6599\u5230\uff0c\u55ae\u55ae\u56e0\u70ba\u7f8e\u570b\u4eba\u60f3\u8981\u4e00\u5e74\u5230\u982d\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5403\u5230\u8349\u8393\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u8b93\u4ed6\u5011\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u5b89\u800c\u5931\u7720\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8b80\u5f8c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u65af\u6eab\u6c0f\u9d5f\u5728\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u7684\u906d\u9047\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u60f3\u5230\u53f0\u7063\u4e5f\u6709\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u540d\u7a31\u53eb\u505a\u300c\u8001\u9df9\u7d05\u8c46\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7d05\u8c46\u4ee5\u5c4f\u6771\u842c\u4e39\u7a2e\u690d\u7684\u6700\u6709\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u524d\u8fb2\u6c11\u70ba\u4e86\u589e\u52a0\u7d05\u8c46\u7684\u7522\u91cf\uff0c\u5c0d\u98df\u7528\u7d05\u8c46\u7684\u300c\u5bb3\u9ce5\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5bb3\u9f20\u300d\u52a0\u4ee5\u6bd2\u5bb3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6c92\u60f3\u5230\u63a0\u98df\u9ce5\u96c0\u548c\u8001\u9f20\u7684\u8001\u9df9\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u70ba\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u9593\u63a5\u651d\u5165\u4e86\u6bd2\u85e5\u800c\u5927\u91cf\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8001\u9f20\u5c0d\u8001\u9f20\u85e5\u7684\u62b5\u6297\u529b\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u5f37\uff0c\u548c\u9ce5\u96c0\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5728\u7f3a\u4e4f\u63a0\u98df\u6027\u9df9\u985e\u7684\u5236\u8861\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u7e7c\u7e8c\u5927\u91cf\u7e41\u6b96\uff0c\u5403\u6389\u66f4\u591a\u7530\u88cf\u7684\u7d05\u8c46\uff0c\u8fb2\u6c11\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u518d\u52a0\u5927\u6bd2\u85e5\u7684\u5291\u91cf\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u60e1\u6027\u5faa\u74b0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u64da\u5c4f\u79d1\u5927\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8001\u9df9\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\u9cf6\uff0c\u57282015\u5e74\u4f30\u8a08\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b426\u96bb\uff0c\u662f\u7015\u81e8\u7d55\u7a2e\u7684\u908a\u7de3\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u842c\u4e39\u7684\u8fb2\u6c11\u5f8c\u4f86\u7d42\u65bc\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u8001\u9df9\u3001\u8001\u9f20\u3001\u5c0f\u9ce5\u3001\u7d05\u8c46\u81ea\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u5341\u5206\u5de7\u5999\u7684\u751f\u614b\u5708\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u958b\u59cb\u6e1b\u7528\u8fb2\u85e5\uff0c\u4fdd\u80b2\u9df9\u985e\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u81ea\u7136\u6291\u5236\u9ce5\u96c0\u548c\u8001\u9f20\u7684\u6578\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7d05\u8c46\u5728\u6536\u6210\u524d\uff0c\u6703\u65bd\u6253\u843d\u8449\u5291\uff0c\u4ee5\u7bc0\u7701\u63a1\u6536\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u6bd4\u8f03\u8b1b\u7a76\u7684\u8fb2\u5bb6\u5c31\u6368\u68c4\u4e86\u843d\u8449\u5291\uff0c\u6539\u63a1\u7528\u4eba\u5de5\u63a1\u6536\u3002\u8d8a\u6230\u843d\u8449\u5291\u5c0d\u4eba\u9ad4\u5371\u5bb3\u7684\u6bb7\u9451\u4e0d\u9060\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u73fe\u5728\u7528\u5728\u7d05\u8c46\u4e0a\u7684\u6bd2\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u8f03\u4f4e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7562\u7adf\u4e5f\u662f\u6bd2\u8fb2\u85e5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u8001\u9df9\u53eb\u505a\u300c\u9ed1\u9cf6\u300dMilvus migrans\uff0c\u9df9\u79d1\u3001\u9df9\u5c6c\u3002\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u65af\u6eab\u6c0f\u9d5fButeo swainsoni\u5247\u70ba\u9df9\u79d1\u3001\u9d5f\u5c6c\u3002\u90fd\u662f\u63a0\u98df\u6027\u7684\u731b\u79bd(raptor)\uff0c\u731b\u6b78\u731b\u537b\u9700\u8981\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\u5462\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*\uff1aScott Weidensaul, \u201cA World on the wind,\u201d 2021, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

**\uff1a\u76f8\u7247\u4f86\u81ea\u7dad\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\uff0cA Swainson’s Hawk (Buteo swainsoni) near Barr Lake State Park, Colorado, September 3, 2005. Edit performed on February 6, 2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2024\/2\/5 \u65af\u6eab\u6c0f\u9d5fButeo swainsoni Damakey<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u65af\u6eab\u6c0f\u9d5fButeo swainsoni Damakey<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u2026That winter(1993), Brian and …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37111","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-3"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37111","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=37111"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37111\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":37113,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37111\/revisions\/37113"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=37111"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=37111"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=37111"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}