{"id":37105,"date":"2024-02-01T09:57:00","date_gmt":"2024-02-01T01:57:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=37105"},"modified":"2024-03-27T09:59:08","modified_gmt":"2024-03-27T01:59:08","slug":"a-world-on-the-wind","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=37105","title":{"rendered":"A World on the wind"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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In 1975, Schulten was a young postdoc physicist at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in G\u00f6ttingen, Germany, working with chemical reactions that were influenced by magnetic fields. He realized the reaction he was seeing in his test tubes-one in which so-called radical pairs, two molecules linked at a quantum level, were influenced by a common bar magnet\u2014could play a role in the still-mysterious ability of birds to orient magnetically. The right molecule, in the right place in a bird’s body and activated by either light or dark (he wasn’t sure which), could create a chemical compass that would be sensitive to the earth’s very weak magnetic field. So along with two colleagues, Schulten wrote a mathematically dense paper explaining the hypothesis and, in 1978, submitted it to the prestigious journal Science.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1978\u5e74\uff0c\u5e74\u8f15\u7684\u751f\u7269\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6Schulten\u5728Science\u96dc\u8a8c\u4e0a\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\uff0c\u5927\u610f\u662f\u8aaa\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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It’s a pretty weird grail, but then, so are most things in the quantum realm. Here is the framework, as it’s currently understood. A migrating bird, flapping through the night sky, glances up at the stars. A photon, having left one of those stars millions or even billions of years earlier, enters the bird’s eye and strikes a molecule of a form of cryptochrome, almost certainly a specific variant known as cryptochrome la. or Cryla. This encounter takes place in the retina, probably within a set of specialized vision cells known as double-cones, whose function had heretofore been a mystery. The photon knocks free one of the Cryla’s electrons, kicking that electron into a neighboring Cryla; because they now each have an odd number of electrons, the two molecules are known as a radical pair, and are linked\u2014 entangled, in the jargon of quantum mechanics. They are also magnetic, because the electrons have a property known as spin (which isn’t really spin, in the way you’d picture a top; it’s actually a state known as spin angular momentum, but never mind\u2014let’s not go down too many quantum rabbit holes right now). Such entangled particles are joined regardless of distance, defying classical physics and common sense. They have become, in effect, one thing; if you measure the properties of one\u2014 even were they separated by millions of light-years\u2014you could infer the properties of the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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It now seems all but certain that radical pairs, Cryla, and quantum entanglement provide a flying bird with its magnetic compass sense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But birds possess a second magnetic ability, a map sense that allows them to navigate as well as orient, and radical pair theory doesn’t explain that. What about those little deposits of magnetite in a bird’s beak, the structures that I, daydreaming over my ornithology text, once pictured as a nasal compass? One team of researchers concluded that they weren’t even magnetite at all-they contend the structures are iron-rich macrophages, a type of white blood cell that is part of the avian immune system, masquerading as magnetite because of the staining process used to prepare specimen slides. Macrophages play no known role in orientation. Other scientists reject that conclusion, and note that running through the upper beak is the trigeminal nerve, which seems to somehow provide the map sense that birds use\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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*\uff1aScott Weidensaul, \u201cA World on the wind,\u201d 2021, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2024\/2\/1\u00a0\u00a0A World on the wind Damakey<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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