{"id":36777,"date":"2023-11-02T07:53:11","date_gmt":"2023-11-01T23:53:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=36777"},"modified":"2023-11-03T07:54:33","modified_gmt":"2023-11-02T23:54:33","slug":"they-know-the-way-magnetic-fuelds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=36777","title":{"rendered":"They know the way, Magnetic Fuelds"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"638\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/damakey.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/720593146.705650-638x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-36778\" srcset=\"https:\/\/damakey.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/720593146.705650-638x1024.jpeg 638w, https:\/\/damakey.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/720593146.705650-187x300.jpeg 187w, https:\/\/damakey.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/720593146.705650-585x939.jpeg 585w, https:\/\/damakey.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/720593146.705650.jpeg 748w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cEarth&#8217;s core is a solid iron sphere surrounded by molten iron and nickel. The churning movements of that liquid metal turn the entire planet into a giant bar magnet. Its magnetic field can be depicted in the style of a school textbook: Lines emerge near the south pole, curve around the globe, and renter near the north pole. This geomagnetic field is always present. It doesn&#8217;t change across the day or through the seasons. It&#8217;s not affected by weather or obstacles. Consequently, it is a boon for travelers, who can always use it to establish their bearings. Humans have done so for more than a thousand years, using compasses. Other animals- sea turtles, spiny lobsters, songbirds, and many others have done so for millions of years, without help.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Their ability, known as magnetoreception, allows them to navigate even when celestial bodies are obscured by clouds or darkness, when large landmarks are wreathed in fog or murk, and when the skies and oceans are devoid of telltale scents\u2026\u201d*<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5730\u6838\u662f\u6d41\u8cea\u7684\u9435\u6c34\u53ca\u493c\u6db2\u6240\u5305\u88f9\u7684\u5be6\u5fc3\u9435\u3002\u96a8\u8457\u81ea\ud860\udf6d\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u5c31\u8b8a\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u68d2\u72c0\u78c1\u9435\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u4e0a\u756b\u7684\uff0c\u78c1\u529b\u7dda\u5f9e\u5357\u6975\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u6cbf\u8457\u5730\u8868\u7684\u66f2\u7dda\u5f80\u5317\uff0c\u5728\u5317\u6975\u9644\u8fd1\u518d\u9032\u5165\u5730\u7403\u3002\u9019\u500b\u5730\u7406\u78c1\u5834\u4e00\u76f4\u5b58\u5728\u8457\uff0c\u65e5\u65e5\u591c\u591c\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u96a8\u8457\u5b63\u7bc0\u800c\u6539\u8b8a\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u53d7\u5929\u6c23\u6216\u5730\u9762\u963b\u969c\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u5730\u78c1\u662f\u5c0d\u65c5\u4eba\u7684\u6069\u8cdc\uff0c\u8b93\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u638c\u63e1\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u5728\u7684\u65b9\u4f4d\u3002\u4eba\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u5229\u7528\u9019\u500b\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u7f85\u76e4\u8d85\u904e\u4e00\u5343\u5e74\u3002\u5176\u5b83\u7684\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u8af8\u5982\u6d77\u9f9c\u3001\u523a\u9c32\u8766(\u9f8d\u8766)\u3001\u9cf4\u79bd\u7b49\u7b49\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u5f88\u591a\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u4e5f\u5df2\u7d93\u81ea\u884c\u5229\u7528\u5730\u78c1\u8d85\u904e\u597d\u5e7e\u767e\u842c\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9019\u7a2e\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u53eb\u505a\u300c\u78c1\u611f\u61c9\u300d(magnetoreception)\uff0c\u8b93\u52d5\u7269\u5728\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u9806\u5229\u5c0e\u822a\uff0c\u7e31\u4f7f\u6709\u96f2\u7684\u906e\u853d\u6216\u5728\u6697\u591c\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6216\u5730\u6a19\u88ab\u9727\u6216\u6fc3\u96f2\u6240\u570d\u7e5e\uff0c\u6216\u5929\u7a7a\u3001\u6d77\u4e2d\u805e\u4e0d\u5230\u719f\u6089\u7684\u6c23\u5473\u22ef\u22ef<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cAt the time of writing, magnetoreception remains the only sense without a known sensor\u2026Researchers have amassed many important clues about their identity and whereabouts but also several false leads. And without knowing for sure what these receptors are, or even where they are, it is fiendishly difficult to know how they might work. There are, however, three plausible ideas.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u622a\u81f3\u672c\u66f8\u51fa\u7248\u70ba\u6b62\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u65bc\u300c\u78c1\u611f\u61c9\u300d\u7684\u611f\u61c9\u5668\u4f9d\u7136\u4e00\u7121\u6240\u77e5\u3002\u81f3\u4eca\uff0c\u5012\u662f\u6709\u4e09\u500b\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe first involves a magnetic iron mineral known as magnetite. In the 1970s, scientists discovered that some bacteria turn themselves into living compass needles by growing chains of magnetite crystals inside their cells. When these microbes are shaken, they tend to swim either north or south. Animals could theoretically build their own magnetite compasses, too. Imagine a magnetite needle that&#8217;s tethered to a sensory cell. As the animal turns, the needle tugs upon its tether. The cell registers that tension and triggers a nervous signal. In this way, cells could turn an abstract magnetic stimulus into something more tangible a physical yank\u2026.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\u7a2e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u52d5\u7269\u8eab\u9ad4\u5167\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u78c1\u9435\u7926(megnetite)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9019\u4e9b\u78c1\u9435\u7926\u5728\u9707\u52d5\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u985e\u4f3c\u7f85\u76e4\u6307\u5317\u91dd\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u9023\u7d50\u5230\u611f\u89ba\u795e\u7d93\uff0c\u62c9\u626f\u8eab\u9ad4\u9032\u800c\u8abf\u6574\u59ff\u52e2\u3001\u56e0\u6b64\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e86\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe second hypothesis for how magnetoreceptors could work involves a phenomenon called electromagnetic induction, which mostly applies to sharks and rays. As a shark swims, it induces weak electric currents in the surrounding water, and the strength of those currents changes depending on the shark&#8217;s angle relative to the geomagnetic field. By sensing these tiny variations with the electroreceptors\u2026, the shark could potentially determine its heading\u2026.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7a2e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u96fb\u78c1\u611f\u61c9(electromagnetic induction)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8b6c\u5982\u9bca\u9b5a(\u548c\u9b5f\u9b5a)\u5728\u6e38\u52d5\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u8eab\u65c1\u7684\u6c34\u4e2d\u6703\u5f15\u767c\u5f31\u96fb\u6d41\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u500b\u5f31\u96fb\u6d41\u7684\u5f37\u5ea6\u6703\u96a8\u8457\u6e38\u52d5\u65b9\u5411\u8207\u5730\u78c1\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u800c\u6539\u8b8a\u3002\u5f9e\u5f31\u96fb\u6d41\u5f37\u5ea6\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u9bca\u9b5a(\u548c\u9b5f\u9b5a)\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u7531\u6b64\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8981\u6e38\u5f80\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe third explanation for magnetoreception is the most complicated, but also the one that has gained the most momentum. It involves two molecules known as a radical pair, whose chemical reaction can be influenced by magnetic fields. To understand this deeply, you must delve into the strange realm of quantum physics. But to understand it well enough, you need only to imagine that the two molecules are dancing. Light triggers the dance, cuing the partners to take hold of each other. Once in this excited state, they can be affected by magnetic fields, which alter the tempo of their dance, and thus its final steps. The partners&#8217; final positions offer a record of the magnetic fields that shaped their previous movements. Through their dance, the radical pair transforms a magnetic stimulus that is hard to detect into a chemical stimulus that is simple to assess.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e09\u7a2e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u57fa\u5c0d(radical pair)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9019\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u7684\u7bc4\u7587\u3002\u60f3\u50cf\u4e00\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u57fa\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5171\u821e\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u5149\u7684\u9a45\u52d5\uff0c\u5728\u6fc0\u767c\u7684\u72c0\u614b\u4e0b\u53d7\u5230\u78c1\u5834\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u81ea\u7531\u57fa\u5206\u5b50\u5c0d\u76f8\u5c0d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u52d5\u7269\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u78c1\u529b\u8f49\u5316\u70ba\u751f\u5316\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u65b9\u5411\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cI wonder if this is partly why the radical pair explanation has gained so much traction. Complicated though it is, it brings magnetoreception into the realm of vision, a sense that we can readily appreciate. Similarly, we talk of compasses because they offer a familiar gateway into the abstract world of magnetism. But the compass metaphor can be misleading. Compasses are precise and dependable. They have to point north, and they cannot waver. But Sonke Johnsen, Ken Loh-mann, and Eric Warrant suspect that biological compasses are inherently noisy. That is, it might be impossible for them to instantly get a precise, accurate read on Earth&#8217;s magnetic field because that field is so weak. Animals might have to keep a running average of the signals from their magnetoreceptors over long periods of time. This limitation makes magnetoreception slow, cumbersome, and deeply paradoxical. It detects one of the most pervasive and reliable stimuli on the planet&#8211;the geomagnetic field- but does so in an inherently unreliable way. This might explain why so many magnetoreception studies have been hard to replicate\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u57fa\u5c0d\u300d\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u90a3\u9ebc\u4ee4\u4eba\u77da\u76ee\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8a72\u60f3\u6cd5\u628a\u300c\u78c1\u611f\u61c9\u300d\u8b8a\u5f97\u5177\u50cf\u5316\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u7f85\u76e4\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u628a\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u78c1\u529b\u8b8a\u5f97\u5177\u9ad4\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\u6709\u5c08\u5bb6\u5011\u61f7\u7591\uff0c\u751f\u5316\u7684\u7f85\u76e4\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u662f\u5145\u6eff\u96dc\u8a0a\u7684\u3002\u5730\u78c1\u7684\u5f37\u5ea6\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u5fae\u5f31\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u8981\u5373\u6642\u5075\u6e2c\u5230\u7cbe\u78ba\u7684\u78c1\u529b\uff0c\u662f\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5728\u67d0\u500b\u5e73\u5747\u78c1\u529b\u6c34\u6e96\u4e0a\u4e0b\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u9577\u6642\u9593\u4e0d\u65b7\u7684\u8abf\u6574\uff0c\u624d\u9010\u6f38\u7372\u5f97\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u65b9\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9019\u500b\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u300c\u78c1\u611f\u61c9\u300d\u8b8a\u5f97\u662f\u7de9\u6162\u7684\u3001\u9ebb\u7169\u7684\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u770b\u4f86\u662f\u4e92\u76f8\u4e88\u76fe\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u300c\u78c1\u611f\u61c9\u300d\u96d6\u7136\u80fd\u5075\u6e2c\u5230\u7121\u6240\u4e0d\u5728\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u5730\u78c1\uff0c\u4f46\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u537b\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u9019\u4e5f\u89e3\u91cb\u4e86\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u300c\u78c1\u611f\u61c9\u300d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u90fd\u7121\u6cd5\u518d\u6b21\u91cd\u8986\u9032\u884c\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u800c\u5f97\u5230\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe noisy and erratic nature of magnetoreception might also explain why no animal relies on it alone. Instead, they seem to use it as a backup sense in case more reliable ones like vision fail. &#8220;If you&#8217;re a migrating animal, magnetoreception is probably the least important sense, unless you&#8217;re completely lost,&#8221; Keays says. In the absence of magnetic cues, bogong moths can still navigate by looking at the pattern of stars in the night sky. Turtle hatchlings ignore magnetic fields when they first enter the water and use the direction of the waves to guide them out to sea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Animals never use a single sense exclusively. &#8220;They use every damn piece of information they can get their hands on,&#8221; Warrant tells me. &#8220;They are multisensory in every possible way.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u300c\u78c1\u611f\u61c9\u300d\u5145\u6eff\u96dc\u8a0a\u53ca\u6613\u8b8a\u7684\u6027\u8cea\uff0c\u89e3\u91cb\u4e86\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6c92\u6709\u52d5\u7269\u53ea\u55ae\u4e00\u501a\u8cf4\u9019\u7a2e\u611f\u61c9\u80fd\u3002\u53cd\u800c\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u52d5\u7269\u662f\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u66f4\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u611f\u61c9\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u8996\u89ba\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u7121\u6cd5\u904b\u4f5c\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u624d\u9760\u5099\u7528\u7684\u300c\u78c1\u611f\u61c9\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5c0d\u65bc\u9077\u5f99\u6027\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u300c\u78c1\u611f\u61c9\u300d\u4e5f\u8a31\u662f\u6700\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u611f\u61c9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7e31\u4f7f\u6c92\u6709\u78c1\u529b\u7684\u7dda\u7d22\uff0c\u5e03\u5ca1\u591c\u86fe\u5728\u665a\u4e0a\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u661f\u5ea7\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4f86\u5c0e\u822a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5e7c\u9f9c\u525b\u51fa\u751f\u4f86\u5230\u6c34\u88cf\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u900f\u904e\u78c1\u5834\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u96e2\u6c34\u56de\u5230\u9678\u5730\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u4f9d\u7167\u6d77\u6d6a\u524d\u9032\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u800c\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u52d5\u7269\u5f9e\u4f86\u4e0d\u501a\u9760\u55ae\u4e00\u4e00\u7a2e\u611f\u61c9\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u6703\u5584\u7528\u5404\u7a2e\u611f\u5b98\u6240\u8490\u96c6\u5230\u624b\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u8cc7\u8a0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>*\uff1aED Yong, \u201cAn Immense World,\u201d 2022, Random House\/New York<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2023\/11\/2 They know the way, Magnetic Fuelds Damakey<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cEarth&#8217;s core is a solid&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36777","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-3"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36777","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=36777"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36777\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":36779,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36777\/revisions\/36779"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=36777"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=36777"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=36777"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}