{"id":36720,"date":"2023-10-05T21:12:00","date_gmt":"2023-10-05T13:12:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=36720"},"modified":"2023-11-02T21:15:41","modified_gmt":"2023-11-02T13:15:41","slug":"the-last-days-of-the-dinosaurs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=36720","title":{"rendered":"The last days of the Dinosaurs"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u767d\u580a\u7d00(Cretaceous)\u662f\u8ddd\u4eca\u7d041.45\u5104\u5e74\u81f36500\u842c\u5e74\u524d\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5730\u8cea\u6642\u671f(\u7dad\u57fa\u767e\u79d1)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u90a3\u500b\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u958b\u59cb\u6709\u7a2e\u5b50\u690d\u7269\u548c\u9748\u9577\u985e\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7d9c\u5408\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u6050\u9f8d(dinosaurs)\u6a6b\u884c\u5929\u4e0b\u7684\u5730\u8cea\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u56e0\u70ba\u96fb\u5f71\u800c\u4ee4\u4eba\u8033\u719f\u80fd\u8a73\u7684\u4f8f\u5138\u7d00(Jurassic\uff0c\u958b\u59cb\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u9ce5\u985e)\uff0c\u5247\u5728\u767d\u580a\u7d00(Cretaceous) \u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u671f\u9593\u70ba1.45-2.01\u5104\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u6050\u9f8d\u6700\u70ba\u8208\u76db\u7684\u7d00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u767d\u580a\u7d00(Cretaceous)\u5728\u5730\u8cea\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u65bc\u884c\u661f\u649e\u5730\u7403\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u7d50\u675f\u4e86\u5b83\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u5730\u8868\u7d0475%\u7684\u7269\u7a2e\u6ec5\u7d55\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7576\u6642\u7a31\u9738\u5730\u7403\u3001\u5f62\u9ad4\u9f90\u5927\u7684\u6050\u9f8d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9019\u500b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e5f\u7a31\u70baK-Pg\uff0cK\u662f\u767d\u580a\u7d00(Cretaceous)\u7684\u5fb7\u6587Kreidezeit\u7684\u7e2e\u5beb\uff0cPg\u662f\u53e4\u8fd1\u7d00(Paleogene)\u7684\u7e2e\u5beb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53e4\u8fd1\u7d00(Paleogene)\u7684\u5730\u8cea\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u57286600\u842c\u81f32303\u842c\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u662f\u7dca\u7dca\u63a5\u7e8c\u5728\u767d\u580a\u7d00(Cretaceous)\u4e4b\u5f8c\u90a3\u500b\u7d00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u884c\u661f\u649e\u5730\u7403\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u7d50\u675f\u4e86\u767d\u580a\u7d00(Cretaceous\uff5eK)\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u958b\u5553\u4e86\u53e4\u8fd1\u7d00(Paleogene~Pg)\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5c31\u7a31\u8a72\u4e8b\u4ef6\u70baK-Pg\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K-Pg\u7d50\u675f\u4e86\u722c\u87f2\u985e(reptiles)\u7a31\u9738\u7684\u5730\u8cea\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u958b\u5553\u4e86\u54fa\u4e73\u52d5\u7269(mammals)\u7684\u5730\u8cea\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5c6c\u65bc\u54fa\u4e73\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u610f\u7fa9\u975e\u51e1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5982\u679c\u8aaa\u6c92\u6709\u884c\u661f\u649e\u5730\u7403\u7684K-Pg\u7684\u5076\u767c\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u4eca\u5929\u5982\u6b64\u8208\u76db\u7684\u4eba\u985e\uff0c\u9019\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u6beb\u4e0d\u8a87\u5f35\u7684\u8a71\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIn the hours, days, weeks, months, and years following impact, almost every branch in the tree of life was lopped off, damaged, or struggled to grow. Even the organisms that we think of as survivors were not left unscathed. During the K-Pg catastrophe, there were mass extinctions of mammals, lizards, birds, and more, the ecological chaos touching the whole of life on Earth. From the foggy and sometimes dim windows of the fossil record, paleontologists have estimated that about 75 percent of known species that were alive at the end of the Cretaceous were not present in the next sliver of time. As if to drive the point home, a band of clay packed with the metal iridium marks the boundary between the Age of Dinosaurs and the opening chapters of the Age of Mammals. In some places, such as eastern Montana and the western Dakotas, you can follow the story layer by layer, watching the likes of Triceratops disappear as a world of diminutive fuzzballs begin to flourish in a new Age of Mammals\u2026.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K-Pg\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u5df2\u7d93\u767c\u751f\u4e864\u6b21\u7269\u7a2e\u7684\u5927\u6ec5\u7d55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u2026The first extinction crisis, between 455 to 430 million years ago, reshaped the oceans, erasing entire families of archaic invertebrate weirdos and allowing fish to thrive. Rapid global cooling and plummeting sea levels killed about 85 percent of known marine species, reshuffling the evolutionary deck. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The second event, spanning 376 to 360 million years ago, shook life up once more. Precisely what caused the disaster is unknown–a drop in ocean oxygen levels is suspected-but the sudden change killed about half of known creatures, reducing the diversity among organisms like trilobites and corals that formed the basis of ancient reefs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Worse still was the third, peaking about 252 million years ago. This was the Great Dying, fueled by incomprehensibly violent and sustained volcanic activity that wiped out about 70 percent of known species on both land and sea through climate and atmospheric changes. Our protomammal ancestors, who had held sway in terrestrial ecosystems, were almost entirely extinguished. Their downfall is what allowed reptiles, including dinosaurs, to stage their evolutionary coup. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Following that, about 201 million years ago, another disaster killed off a great number of the crocodile relatives that ruled the land and gave dinosaurs their shot at dominance. Once again, intense eruptions were to blame. Greenhouse gases belched into the atmosphere, spurring a burst of global warming followed by intense global cooling. Atmospheric oxygen levels dropped, the seas became more acidic, and the drastic shifts between too hot and too cold were too much for many species to cope with.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c1\u6b21\u7269\u7a2e\u5927\u6ec5\u7d55\uff0c\u767c\u751f\u57284.55-4.30 \u5104\u5e74\u524d\u3002\u5730\u7403\u6025\u901f\u51b7\u537b\u52a0\u4e0a\u6d77\u5e73\u9762\u4e0b\u964d\u9020\u621085%\u7684\u6c34\u4e2d\u751f\u7269\u6ec5\u7d55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c2\u6b21\u7269\u7a2e\u5927\u6ec5\u7d55\uff0c\u767c\u751f3.76~3.60 \u5104\u5e74\u524d\u3002\u5177\u9ad4\u539f\u56e0\u4e0d\u660e\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6d77\u6c34\u542b\u6c27\u91cf\u907d\u964d\uff0c\u6bba\u6b7b\u4e8650%\u7684\u6c34\u4e2d\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u5ca9\u7901\u4e2d\u4e09\u8449\u87f2\u3001\u73ca\u745a\u7b49\u7b49\u751f\u7269\u7684\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c3\u6b21\u7269\u7a2e\u5927\u6ec5\u7d55\uff0c\u767c\u751f\u57282.52 \u5104\u5e74\u524d\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u706b\u5c71\u7684\u6301\u7e8c\u5674\u767c\uff0c\u6ec5\u7d55\u4e86\u6d77\u4e2d\u548c\u9678\u5730\u4e0a70%\u7684\u7269\u7a2e\u3002\u6211\u5011\u54fa\u4e73\u985e\u7684\u7956\u5148\u5e7e\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u6ec5\u7d55\uff0c\u722c\u87f2\u985e\u56e0\u6b64\u5800\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c4\u6b21\u7269\u7a2e\u5927\u6ec5\u7d55\uff0c\u767c\u751f\u57282.01\u5104\u5e74\u524d\u3002\u706b\u5c71\u6301\u7e8c\u5674\u767c\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u6696\u5316\u63a5\u8457\u7684\u5168\u7403\u51b7\u537b\u3002\u7a7a\u6c23\u4e2d\u542b\u6c27\u91cf\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u6d77\u6c34\u9178\u5316\uff0c\u6c23\u6eab\u5728\u6975\u71b1\u548c\u6975\u51b7\u9593\u4ea4\u66ff\uff0c\u6ec5\u7d55\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u7269\u7a2e\u3002\u722c\u87f2\u985e\u4e2d\u9c77\u9b5a\u7684\u6d88\u9000\uff0c\u70ba\u6050\u9f8d\u7684\u8208\u8d77\u4f48\u597d\u4e86\u821e\u53f0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c5\u6b21\u7269\u7a2e\u5927\u6ec5\u7d55\uff0c\u767c\u751f\u57280.66\u5104\u5e74\u524d\u3002 \u56e0\u70ba\u884c\u661f\u649e\u5730\u7403\uff0c\u6050\u9f8d\u9000\u51fa\u821e\u53f0\uff0c\u7531\u54fa\u4e73\u985e\u63a5\u624b\u4e3b\u5bb0\u5730\u7403\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u6709\u540d\u7684KP-g\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c5\u6b21\u7269\u7a2e\u5927\u6ec5\u7d55\u548c\u524d4\u6b21\u7269\u7a2e\u5927\u6ec5\u7d55\uff0c\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u5225\u3002\u524d4\u6b21\u7269\u7a2e\u5927\u6ec5\u7d55\uff0c\u767c\u751f\u7684\u6642\u671f\u8de8\u8d8a\u597d\u5e7e\u767e\u842c\u5e74\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u7269\u7a2e\u9084\u6709\u6a5f\u6703\u53bb\u9010\u6f38\u8abf\u6574\u9069\u61c9\u800c\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e0b\u4f86\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u7b2c5\u6b21\u7269\u7a2e\u5927\u6ec5\u7d55\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u5728\u884c\u661f\u649e\u4e0a\u5730\u7403\u7684\u90a3\u500b\u77ac\u9593\u5c31\u767c\u751f\u4e86\u5929\u7ffb\u5730\u8986\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u751f\u7269\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u88ab\u6bba\u5f97\u63aa\u624b\u4e0d\u53ca\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u2026Dinosaurs appeared toward the middle of the Triassic, about 235 million years ago, flourished in the Jurassic, and kept their influential hold on terrestrial ecosystems through the Cretaceous, spanning over 160 million years as the most charismatic animals on the planet\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6050\u9f8d\u958b\u59cb\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u4e09\u758a\u7d00(Triassic)\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u7d042\u51043\u53435\u767e\u842c\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u76db\u65bc\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u4f8f\u5138\u7d00(Jurassic)\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u767d\u580a\u7d00(Cretaceous)\u90fd\u9084\u4e00\u76f4\u4e3b\u5bb0\u8457\u9678\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u751f\u614b\u5708\uff0c\u6301\u7e8c\u5171\u9577\u90541\u51046\u5343\u842c\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u2026Mass extinction events are destructive, but they do not necessarily spur new growth by themselves. In fact, some of the grandest moments in evolutionary history -when life truly burst forth and filled the world in ways never before seen–were not at all connected to mass extinctions. Nature’s greatest flowerings have often come from evolutionary accidents and happenstances dealing with organisms themselves, such as the ancient time when fish with legs began to crawl out onto soaking mudflats and plowed a life at the water’s edge. Life was no longer confined to water by this time, but vertebrates munched on insects and plants that had already made their homes on land, changing to meet a new environment and eating new prey, leading to a burst of adaptation.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5927\u6ec5\u7d55\u4e26\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u5c0e\u81f4\u65b0\u7684\u751f\u9577\u3002\u5176\u5be6\uff0c\u5728\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u6f2b\u9577\u6b74\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u7d93\u5e38\u662f\u4f86\u81ea\u610f\u5916\u7684\u5076\u7136\u3002\u958b\u82b1\u690d\u7269\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\u548c\u9b5a\u985e\u7528\u9c2d\u722c\u51fa\u6c34\u5230\u6210\u70ba\u9678\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u7d55\u4f73\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMammals have enjoyed their own heyday during this time. Perhaps that sounds strange. Traditionally, mammals are cast as evolution’s underdogs, tiny beasts that squeak out a living eating bugs during the twilight hours when dinosaurs begin to doze. The stereotypical image is of a tiny shrew gnawing on a prehistoric cricket. But the earliest mammals evolved about the same time as the first dinosaurs, and they’ve been thriving alongside the saurians. True, they’ve never gotten larger than the size of a house cat in all these millions of years, but they are not all timid insectivores. In the shadow of the dinosaurs there have been mammals that look and behave like prehistoric beavers, flying squirrels, aardvarks, raccoons, and more. They did not evolve because dinosaurs ceded any ecological space for them to arise. To the contrary, mammals evolved to take advantage of ecological opportunities at a small scale. The evolution of social insects like termites, for example, provided a food source for mammals capable of digging into soil and rotten logs. The sheer number of baby dinosaurs on the landscape each season led to the evolution of predatory mammals that ate eggs and reptilian infants. Tall forests, with canopies too high for even the biggest predatory dinosaurs to reach, provide refuge for mammals\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u54fa\u4e73\u52d5\u7269\u662f\u8ddf\u8457\u6050\u9f8d\u4e00\u8d77\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u96d6\u7136\u53d7\u5230\u4f4d\u65bc\u751f\u614b\u5708\u4e3b\u5bb0\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u6050\u9f8d\u7684\u6291\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u54fa\u4e73\u52d5\u7269\u537b\u80fd\u898b\u7e2b\u63d2\u91dd\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u80fd\u9577\u5230\u50cf\u5bb6\u8c93\u4e00\u6a23\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u767d\u87fb\u6210\u4e86\u54fa\u4e73\u52d5\u7269\u98df\u7269\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u904d\u5730\u7684\u6050\u9f8d\u86cb\u548c\u525b\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u5c0f\u6050\u9f8d\u4e5f\u662f\u3002\u5728\u9ad4\u578b\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6050\u9f8d\u6406\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u6a39\u51a0\uff0c\u5c31\u6210\u70ba\u54fa\u4e73\u52d5\u7269\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u68f2\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fires are only the insults to a deeper ecological injury\u2026There are no signs of fire on the dinosaur’s body, not a filament or scale blackened. But the terrible heat had been too much to cope with. The re-entry of the impact debris created a global infrared heat pulse that lasted for hours. That energy alone was enough to raise the air temperature to 500 degrees Fahrenheit. The air itself can burn.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u884c\u661f\u649e\u5730\u7403\u4e4b\u5f8c\u5f15\u767c\u5927\u706b\uff0c\u6c23\u6eab\u6301\u7e8c\u5728\u83ef\u6c0f500\u5ea6(\u651d\u6c0f260\u5ea6)\u7684\u8d85\u9ad8\u6eab\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBut the asteroid impact was so great that there was no place on the surface of the Earth that was truly safe. Life on Earth had become reliant on oxygen in the atmosphere billions of years before. So when the air itself became deadly, there was little that could be done for terrestrial life\u2026any dinosaur out in the open quickly died, and fires flared over most of the world. The impact did not just send burning debris a few miles away or to the nearest continent. Sparks for the global flame spread all over the planet. The ancient Americas saw the worst of it, partly because of their proximity to the point of collision, but the effects were so dire that even on the other side of the planet, extinction still arrived nearly as swiftly. And as the first day of the Paleocene closed, the terrible events of the that day had only set the backdrop for the creeping, seemingly interminable struggle to come.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u751f\u7269\u7686\u9700\u8981\u5145\u8db3\u7684\u6c27\u6c23\uff0c\u884c\u661f\u649e\u5730\u7403\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u7a7a\u6c23\u8b8a\u5f97\u5f88\u7cdf\u3001\u5f88\u81f4\u547d\uff0c\u9678\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u751f\u7269\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u7686\u7121\u8655\u53ef\u9003\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u6050\u9f8d\uff0c\u90fd\u8fc5\u901f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5168\u7403\u7684\u5927\u706b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u7e31\u4f7f\u5728\u649e\u64ca\u5730\u53e6\u5916\u534a\u7403\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u5feb\u9762\u81e8\u4e86\u6ec5\u7d55\u7684\u547d\u904b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cEven though more than half the Cretaceous species are now vanquished, not all the dinosaurs perished in the initial heat pulse and subsequent fires. Avians fared the best; some managed to burrow or find shelter from the infernos, emerging to find a world where the giants had all disappeared. And a few straggling non-avian dinosaurs survived, too.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u96d6\u7136\u6709\u6cf0\u534a\u7684\u767d\u580a\u7d00\u7269\u7a2e\u5728K-Pg\u767c\u751f\u4e4b\u5f8c\u8fc5\u901f\u6ec5\u7d55\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6050\u9f8d\u7686\u6b7b\u7d55\u3002\u6703\u98db\u7684\u6050\u9f8d\u4ee5\u53ca\u6703\u6316\u6d1e\u8eb2\u907f\u9ad8\u6eab\u7684\u6050\u9f8d\uff0c\u80fd\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e0b\u4f86\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8eab\u578b\u90fd\u662f\u76f8\u5c0d\u8f03\u5c0f\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSuch a second reign of the dinosaurs is not to be. The target rocks that the bolide struck had been formed in ancient seas millions of years before. Known as marine carbonates, the rocks at the point of impact were what was left of a warm, shallow sea that hosted great reefs entirely packed with life. Colonies of corals grew into tiny empires in the sunlit waters. Small, armored amoebas known as foraminiferans proliferated as plankton, along with disc-covered algae called coccoliths. The rock that was eventually left behind by these waters was not principally made up of sandy sediment, but was largely composed of the shells these planktonic creatures so assiduously grew to give themselves protection and shelter. Changing sea levels eventually caused the little patch of ocean to dry up. The waters receded, the seawater evaporating and leaving behind vast amounts of salt crystals-codified in stone as anhydrites. The principal chemical composition of these transformed salt crystals is calcium sulfate, CaSO4. It’s the latter part that’s most concerning for the creatures of the Paleocene.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6050\u9f8d\u7684\u5730\u8cea\u5e74\u4ee3\u5df2\u7d93\u4e00\u53bb\u4e0d\u518d\u56de\u4f86\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u884c\u661f\u649e\u64ca\u7684\u5ca9\u77f3\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6c99\u571f\u7684\u6c88\u6fb1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u73ca\u745a\u3001\u6709\u5b54\u9580\u7684\u6d6e\u6e38\u751f\u7269\u3001\u9223\u677f\u85fb\u7247\u7b49\u7b49\u751f\u7269\u7522\u751f\u7684\u786c\u5916\u6bbc\uff0c\u5728\u6d77\u5e73\u9762\u4e0b\u964d\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e7e\u71e5\u9e7d\u5316\u7684\u7d50\u6676\uff0c\u5728\u5ca9\u77f3\u4e2d\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u9178\u9150\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u5728\u9e7d\u5316\u7684\u7d50\u6676\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u6210\u4efd\u662f\u786b\u9178\u9223\uff0c\u9019\u5c0dKP-g\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684\u53e4\u8fd1\u7d00(Paleogene)\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u6709\u7279\u5225\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhile the weeks and months immediately following the impact and the great infernos saw dark skies clouded wish to, the persistent darkness has lifted now. Sunlight touches Hell Creek once again. But it’s not the same as it was a year before. The sulfates that remain in the atmosphere, still stirred around by air currents miles up from the planet’s surface, continue to reflect a great deal of the incoming sunlight back out into space. Together, they diminished the amount of sunlight reaching the planet by about 20 percent.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u98c4\u5728\u7a7a\u6c23\u4e2d\u7684\u786b\u9178\u9e7d\u53cd\u5c04\u4e86\u967d\u5149\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u62b5\u9054\u5730\u8868\u7684\u967d\u5149\uff0c\u5c11\u4e86\u5927\u7d0420%\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe plants with the best chance are those that evolved to tolerate low-light condition, those often kept in the shade by taller trees of the Cretaceous world or that otherwise, by sheer luck, could get by on less. Low to the ground, a small, spindly branch pokes up from the soil\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u80fd\u9069\u61c9\u7684\u690d\u7269\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u6bd4\u8f03\u77ee\u5c0f\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u80fd\u5584\u7528\u4f4e\u7167\u5ea6\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u2026It’s a bird, or an avian dinosaur–one of the few survivors of the dinosaurian family. Even compared to some of the birds that shared the Late Cretaceous world, the bird is on the small side. The time of giants is over\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u6050\u9f8d\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e2d\uff0c\u6703\u98db\u7684\u6050\u9f8d\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e86\u4e0b\u4f86\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u6210\u70ba\u9ce5\u985e\u7684\u7956\u5148\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6bd4\u8d77\u5176\u4ed6\u6703\u98db\u7684\u6050\u9f8d\uff0c\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u9ad4\u578b\u90fd\u6bd4\u8f03\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe sulfates thrown high into the stratosphere did more than reflect back the nourishing sunlight that had been taken as a given by Earth’s organisms for so many millions of years. The aerosolized sulfur from the target rock often combined with oxygen in such a way to create sulfur trioxide. Strewn about by air currents, the compounds remained in the air as rain clouds formed. Typical rain has a pH of about 5.6, a fact that life on Earth had become accustomed to during its long evolution. But this rain contains sulfuric acid, enough to drop the pH of rain to about 4.3.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u786b\u9178\u9e7d\u98c4\u5230\u5e73\u6d41\u5c64(\u540c\u6eab\u5c64\uff0c\u7d04\u5728\u5730\u88687-50\u516c\u91cc\u7684\u9ad8\u7a7a)\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u53cd\u5c04\u4e86\u967d\u5149\uff0c\u6c23\u5316\u7684\u786b\u9178\u9e7d\u6c27\u5316\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7522\u751f\u4e09\u6c27\u5316\u786b(SO3)\uff0c\u5728\u96f2\u4e2d\u548c\u6c34\u6df7\u5408\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b8a\u6210\u786b\u9178(H2SO4)\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u96e8\u6c34\u7684\u9178\u9e7c\u8cea(pH)\u63a5\u8fd1\u5f37\u9178\u76844.3\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u9178\u96e8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe rain doesn’t melt organisms on contact or hiss and sputter when it hits the ground. In fact, acid rain isn’t even as acidic as lemon juice. But it’s enough of a drop in pH that lakes, ponds, and oceans become more acidic as they collect the altered raindrops. Organisms that rely on shells for protection cannot build them as reliably. And on land, plant life becomes discolored- turning sick shades of rust brown–as chemical reactions within the soil eat away at the nutrients trees and other vegetation need to grow. It’s a slow, nearly invisible process, subtly altering the conditions of life that Earth has become accustomed to. The rain took the sulfates out of the atmosphere, offering some hope that the sunlight might return sooner, but at a terrible price to the world below.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9178\u96e8\u5728\u6e56\u6cca\u3001\u6c60\u5858\u548c\u6d77\u4e2d\u7684\u6fc3\u5ea6\u6f38\u6f38\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u9ad8\uff0c\u9019\u6703\u8150\u8755\u751f\u7269\u7528\u4f86\u4fdd\u8b77\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\u5916\u6bbc\u3002\u9178\u96e8\u6703\u878d\u89e3\u571f\u58e4\u4e2d\u7684\u7926\u7269\u8cea\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u8cf4\u4e4b\u4ee5\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u690d\u7269\u71df\u990a\u4e0d\u826f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe shells of the bivalves and mollusks that lived on the ancient seafloor were principally made of calcium carbonate, CaCO3. Calcium carbonate reacts with sulfuric acid, the chemical dance between the two buffering the effects of the acid and neutralizing it. For living animals, that can be bad news. It’s hard to make a home out of shell when that shelly material is being eroded as you make it. But the shells in the limestone are from creatures long dead, and so the fossils are a boon to the Paleocene animals that are still hanging on\u2026.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u53e4\u8001\u6d77\u5e8a\u96d9\u6bbc\u8c9d\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u8edf\u9ad4\u52d5\u7269\u6240\u907a\u7559\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u6bbc(\u6703\u5f62\u6210\u77f3\u7070\u5ca9)\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u4efd\u662f\u9e7c\u6027\u7684\u78b3\u9178\u9223(CaCO3)\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c\u9178\u96e8\u4e2d\u7684\u786b\u9178(H2SO4)\u7522\u751f\u4e2d\u548c\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5730\u5340\u6709\u6548\u7de9\u89e3\u6c34\u8cea\u9178\u5316\u7684\u58d3\u529b\uff0c\u77f3\u7070\u5ca9\u5316\u77f3\u5c0d\u9084\u5728\u751f\u5b58\u908a\u7de3\u6399\u624e\u7684\u53e4\u8fd1\u7d00\u52d5\u7269\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u662f\u83ab\u5927\u7684\u6069\u8cdc\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNot every place is so sheltered. There is little escape from the acid rain for organisms that live in the soil. Worms can move, but bacteria, fungi, plants, algae, lichens, and other forms of life can only grow, die back, and grow as best they can in response to the changing conditions. And it’s within these soils that the record of this extreme disaster has come to rest.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6bcf\u500b\u5730\u65b9\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u5e87\u8b77\u4e4b\u6240\u3002\u5728\u571f\u58e4\u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5c31\u7121\u8655\u53ef\u8eb2\u3002\u87f2\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u722c\u8d70\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7d30\u83cc\u3001\u771f\u83cc\u3001\u690d\u7269\u3001\u85fb\u985e\u3001\u861a\u82d4\u7b49\u7b49\u751f\u547d\u578b\u614b\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u539f\u5730\u81ea\u751f\u81ea\u6ec5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u2026Topographically dramatic as it might be, a mountain is an erosional environment. It is a place where water, wind, sunlight, and other natural forces are winnowing away at the towering stone, pieces constantly carried downhill to the lowlands. The animals that inhabited high altitudes during this era will not leave any legacy behind. They will be erased, save for bones ground down to specks and carried down rivers and mudslides to lowlands\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9ad8\u5c71\u662f\u5bb9\u6613\u8150\u8755\u5d29\u58de\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u3002\u68f2\u606f\u5730\u539f\u4f86\u662f\u5728\u6bd4\u8f03\u9ad8\u6d77\u62d4\u5730\u5340\u7684\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u5c07\u5b8c\u5168\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5728\u5f8c\u4e16\u53ea\u6703\u7559\u4e0b\u88ab\u6c96\u7a4d\u81f3\u4f4e\u5730\u6c88\u6fb1\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u9aa8\u982d\u5316\u77f3\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOn the last day of the Cretaceous, this forest was already something of a relic. Even as flowering trees were overtaking the Northern Hemisphere, providing bees and other pollinators with plenty to do, this place was a great conifer forest that provided as many needles as the great long-necked sauropods could eat and offered concealment to great, sneaky carnivores with immense, rending claws on their hands\u2026.That world was lost to heat and fire, then dark and cold, the immobile plants just as susceptible to the terrors as the great dinosaurs were.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the great variety of life is incredibly difficult to extinguish. Variations between individuals or species offer just enough luck to edge by, to set a new beginning. Fungal root systems threaded deep enough in the soil to escape the worst of the heat. The seeds of ferns were already planted, ready to sprout. Together, they took the black and white of an ashen landscape and returned it to its warmer, richer earth tones.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u767d\u580a\u7d00\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u65e5\uff0c\u5317\u534a\u7403\u7684\u68ee\u6797\u662f\u91dd\u8449\u6797\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u9577\u8116\u5b50\u7684\u8725\u8173\u6050\u9f8d\u5145\u5206\u7684\u98df\u7269\u3002\u5b83\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u5229\u722a\u7684\u8089\u98df\u52d5\u7269\u533f\u8e64\u7684\u7d55\u4f73\u68f2\u5730\u3002\u5728\u884c\u661f\u649e\u5730\u7403\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u68ee\u6797\u6bc0\u65bc\u9ad8\u6eab\u548c\u5927\u706b\uff0c\u63a5\u8457\u662f\u70cf\u96f2\u853d\u65e5\u548c\u56b4\u5bd2\u7684\u6c23\u5019\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u8d70\u907f\u7684\u690d\u7269\u548c\u53b2\u5bb3\u7684\u6050\u9f8d\u4e00\u6a23\u53d7\u5bb3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u539f\u4f86\u68ee\u6797\u751f\u614b\u7684\u591a\u6a23\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u7269\u7a2e\u4e0d\u6703\u5b8c\u5168\u6ec5\u7d55\u3002\u7269\u7a2e\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u6027\uff0c\u8b93\u6709\u4e9b\u7269\u7a2e\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e78\u904b\u5730\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e0b\u4f86\uff0c\u958b\u5553\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u4e16\u7d00\u3002\u771f\u83cc\u6df1\u5165\u5230\u571f\u58e4\u4e2d\u7684\u83cc\u6839\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u5730\u8868\u8d85\u7d1a\u9ad8\u6eab\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u8568\u985e\u7684\u5b62\u5b50\u6563\u4f48\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u958b\u59cb\u767c\u82bd\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u6d3b\u8e8d\u7684\u751f\u6a5f\uff0c\u628a\u9ed1\u7070\u55ae\u8abf\u7684\u5730\u666f\uff0c\u8b8a\u56de\u4ee5\u524d\u6eab\u6696\u3001\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u5730\u7403\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u539f\u4f86\u64c1\u6709\u7684\u8272\u8abf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe tiny serpent is a Cretaceous leftover, now facing a world that seems full of possibility. The great, towering dinosaurs are gone. Flowering plants are starting to come up where conifers once dominated. These creatures of the freshwater realm bask in their pools and watch the world begin to recover and reseed. But there is no script for what’s about to unfold, no cast of characters that inevitably must be filled. Life is just beginning to spring back, certainly, but it would be a mistake to think that this is simply a matter of healing. The concept of healing involves a return to how things were before, perhaps with old niches occupied by new species and familiar patterns of ecological complexity returning. But that’s not how life works.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c0f\u578b\u86c7\u662f\u767d\u580a\u7d00\u7684\u907a\u7269\u3002\u8eab\u578b\u9f90\u5927\u7684\u6050\u9f8d\u5df2\u7d93\u6210\u70ba\u904e\u53bb\u3002\u91dd\u8449\u68ee\u6797\u71d2\u6bc0\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u958b\u82b1\u690d\u7269\u958b\u59cb\u7e41\ud85d\udde0\u3002\u751f\u547d\u958b\u59cb\u6062\u5fa9\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6062\u5fa9\u5230\u5f9e\u524d\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u8aaa\u539f\u68f2\u606f\u5730\u88ab\u65b0\u7684\u7269\u7a2e\u4f54\u64da\uff0c\u6216\u8aaa\u751f\u614b\u671d\u6211\u5011\u719f\u6089\u7684\u591a\u6a23\u5316\u53bb\u6062\u5fa9\u90a3\u9ebc\u7c21\u55ae\u3002\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u751f\u547d\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u8ecc\u8de1\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4e26\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u2026Life has gone back to a smaller scale, populated by survivor species. Flowering trees like dogwoods and magnolias are proliferating, with dawn redwoods representing the coniferous contingent. The remaining mammals are mostly burrowing species the great menagerie of odd Mesozoic mammals has largely been pared back. Insects still call and chew and swarm, but there are fewer species now. The freshwater environments experienced the least amount of change the fish and frogs and turtles and champsosaurs still carrying on as they had at the end of the Cretaceous\u2014but the biodiversity in this new world is a fraction of what once thrived here. It’s going to take time for life to bring about more life.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6b98\u5b58\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u7269\u7a2e\uff0c\u9000\u5316\u6210\u5f62\u9ad4\u8f03\u5c0f\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u614b\u3002\u958b\u82b1\u7684\u6a39\u7a2e\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u5c71\u8331\u8438\u548c\u6728\u862d\u5c31\u9577\u5f97\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u800c\u6c34\u6749\u5247\u662f\u91dd\u8449\u6a39\u88dc\u907a\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u54fa\u4e73\u52d5\u7269\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6703\u6253\u5730\u6d1e\u7684\u7269\u7a2e\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u751f\u4ee3\u91ce\u751f\u7684\u5947\u7279\u54fa\u4e73\u985e\u52d5\u7269\u5247\u5df2\u7d93\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u6606\u87f2\u985e\u4f9d\u7136\u751f\u751f\u4e0d\u606f\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u7a2e\u985e\u8b8a\u5c11\u4e86\u3002\u6de1\u6c34\u7684\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u6539\u8b8a\u8f03\u5c11\uff0c\u9b5a\u3001\u9752\u86d9\u3001\u9ce5\u9f9c\u3001\u9c77\u9b5a\u7b49\u7b49\u4f9d\u7136\u751f\u9f8d\u6d3b\u864e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u751f\u7269\u7684\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u6bd4\u8d77\u767d\u580a\u7d00\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u5c11\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u591a\u3002\u751f\u7269\u7684\u591a\u6a23\u6027\u7684\u6062\u5fa9\uff0c\u9084\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u9577\u7684\u6642\u9593\u3002(\u9019\u662fKP-g\u884c\u661f\u649e\u5730\u7403\u4e4b\u5f8c\u4e00\u5343\u5e74\u7684\u8a55\u4f30)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe tiny algae kept the oceans alive. Even with the terrible planktonic crash, the mixotrophs proliferated and provided a bridge from the days of catastrophe to recovery. Some planktonic predators were able to subsist on the coccoliths, helping to keep parts of the ocean alive. And when the dust and sun-blocking debris finally wafted out of the atmosphere, the surviving coccoliths could take up new roles again. New photosynthesizers began to evolve from the mixotrophs, beginning to restore the algal web that’s so critical to ocean health.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u85fb\u985e\u7dad\u6301\u4e86\u6d77\u6d0b\u7684\u751f\u614b\u3002\u7e31\u4f7f\u6d6e\u6e38\u751f\u7269\u53d7\u5230\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u6253\u64ca\uff0c\u6d77\u4e2d\u7684\u517c\u5fae\u990a\u751f\u7269(mixotrophs)\u4e5f\u80fd\u7e7c\u7e8c\u751f\u5b58\uff0c\u8b93\u6d77\u6d0b\u5f9e\u5927\u707d\u96e3\u4e2d\u6162\u6162\u6062\u5fa9\u904e\u4f86\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u63a0\u98df\u6027\u7684\u6e38\u6e38\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ef0\u8cf4\u98df\u7528\u9223\u677f\u85fb\u7247(coccoliths)\u800c\u751f\u5b58\u4e0b\u4f86\u3002\u800c\u7576\u967d\u5149\u53c8\u518d\u5ea6\u666e\u7167\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u5b58\u6d3b\u7684\u9223\u677f\u85fb\u7247\u53c8\u7e7c\u7e8c\u9032\u884c\u5149\u5408\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u517c\u5fae\u990a\u751f\u7269\u4e5f\u958b\u59cb\u9032\u5316\uff0c\u8b8a\u5f97\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9032\u884c\u5149\u5408\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u85fb\u985e\u751f\u614b\u7db2\u7d61\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u5c0d\u6d77\u6d0b\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\uff0c\u4e8b\u95dc\u91cd\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFerns are among the most ancient plants on the planet. The first of these feather-like plants evolved about 360 million years ago, back when the ancestors of dinosaurs were just beginning to come ashore in the form of four-legged amphibians. Ferns evolved to thrive in wet, low-lying environments, forever tied to places where moisture is plentiful.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The life cycle of ferns dictate that they never stray too far from moist, squelching environments. That’s because these understory plants grow from spores rather than seeds. Ferns do not wait, all tucked up inside a safe, armored shell, but instead have an alternating, back-and-forth life cycle in which the wafting fronds only play a transitory part.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8568\u985e\u662f\u6975\u70ba\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u690d\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u6709\u7fbd\u72c0\u8449\u7684\u690d\u7269\uff0c\u81ea3\u51046\u5343\u842c\u5e74\u524d\u958b\u59cb\u6f14\u5316\uff0c\u90a3\u500b\u6642\u5019\u6050\u9f8d\u9084\u53ea\u662f\u525b\u525b\u96e2\u6c34\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u56db\u8db3\u5169\u68f2\u52d5\u7269\u3002\u8568\u985e\u559c\u6b61\u6f6e\u6fd5\u3001\u4f4e\u7aaa\u7684\u74b0\u5883\uff0c\u5728\u6f6e\u6fd5\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u7e3d\u662f\u9577\u5f97\u5f88\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8568\u985e\u7684\u751f\u547d\u9031\u671f\u4f7f\u5176\u96e2\u4e0d\u958b\u6f6e\u6fd5\u3001\u96dc\u6c93\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u3002\u8568\u985e\u9019\u7a2e\u9577\u5728\u6797\u6728\u4e0b\u5c64\u7684\u690d\u7269\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u5b62\u5b50\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7a2e\u5b50\u751f\u6b96\u3002\u8568\u985e\u4e0d\u5fc5\u9760\u7a2e\u5b50\u7684\u786c\u6bbc\u4f86\u4fdd\u8b77\uff0c\u5b83\u7528\u5b62\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\ud840\udd18\u8f09\u7684\u8568\u8449\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u77ed\u66ab\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cPlants, of course, went through their own mass extinction. Conifers didn’t fare nearly as well as the angiosperm upstarts. The long reign of conifers as the primary components of prehistoric forests has come to a close. Flowering plants are growing much faster than the conifers, filling up much of the available landscape with broad-leaved plants that are nestled close to each other\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u690d\u7269\u4e5f\u7d93\u6b74\u5927\u6ec5\u7d55\u3002\u91dd\u8449\u6a39\u4e0d\u5982\u88ab\u5b50\u690d\u7269\u3002\u7531\u91dd\u8449\u6797\u4e3b\u5bb0\u7684\u53f2\u524d\u68ee\u6797\u6b77\u53f2\u7d50\u675f\u4e86\u3002\u958b\u82b1\u690d\u7269\u9577\u5f97\u6bd4\u91dd\u8449\u6a39\u5feb\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u6797\u76f8\u5c31\u662f\u7531\u5bc6\u751f\u7684\u95ca\u8449\u6a39\u6240\u4f54\u64da\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201dThe ash and burnt vegetation from the global wildfires created a glut of phosphorus in the early Paleocene soils. This is a major boon to some new angiosperms on the scene, and as the surviving angiosperms have begun to grow and change, new forms are beginning to emerge. Plants related to beans and peas are starting to proliferate, and in the process these new growths are beginning to fix nitrogen into the earth\u2014taking nitrogen from the air and bringing it into soil compounds that will further fertilize the forest’s foundation. All of these changes favor the growth of other angiosperms over conifers and ferns\u2014those early, questing shoots of flowering plants are slowly converting the forests to the soil conditions that best benefit themselves as other forms of plants take root in smaller pockets of this new forest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And this is only the beginning. A densely packed, shaded forest with multiple stories from root to canopy offers more habitat than any patch of Hell Creek woodland, and mammals are set to take advantage of these changes.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5927\u706b\u4e4b\u5f8c\u5728\u53e4\u8fd1\u7d00\u7684\u571f\u58e4\u4e0a\u4f48\u6eff\u4e86\u78f7\u7070\uff0c\u9019\u5341\u5206\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u67d0\u4e9b\u88ab\u5b50\u690d\u7269\u7684\u751f\u9577\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u690d\u7269\u4e2d\u6703\u9577\u83a2\u8c46\u548c\u8c4c\u8c46\u7684\u8c46\u79d1\u690d\u7269\u958b\u59cb\u51fa\u73fe\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u6703\u628a\u7a7a\u6c23\u4e2d\u7684\u6c2e\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e0b\u4f86\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u571f\u58e4\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u80a5\u6c83\uff0c\u9019\u53c8\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u62c9\u958b\u4e86\u88ab\u5b50\u690d\u7269\u548c\u91dd\u8449\u6a39\u3001\u8568\u985e\u4e4b\u9593\u7af6\u722d\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u3002\u958b\u82b1\u690d\u7269\u900f\u904e\u9019\u500b\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u4e0d\u65b7\u6539\u5584\u68ee\u6797\u7684\u571f\u58e4\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6709\u76ca\u65bc\u64f4\u5927\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u4e5f\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5176\u4ed6\u690d\u7269\u7684\u751f\u9577\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u690d\u88ab\u6fc3\u5bc6\u7684\u68ee\u6797\uff0c\u5f9e\u6a39\u6839\u5230\u6a39\u51a0\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u7acb\u9ad4\u591a\u6a23\u7684\u68f2\u606f\u5730\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u54fa\u4e73\u985e\u5165\u4f4f\u7e41\u884d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAround 67 million years ago,\u2026, a new sort of mammal started running through the trees\u2026These were the first Purgatorius, small beasts of the canopy and the first of their primate kind to exist on Earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They could have easily perished in the cataclysm caused by the asteroid. The very nature of Purgatorius was tied to the trees. The little primates needed tree holes to sleep in, fruits to eat, and the insects that hid themselves among the leaves and branches. The homes of Purgatorius were little more than kindling as the atmosphere turned to an oven and wildfire took much of what was left. Many of their species were lost. But enough survived, just enough to keep reproducing, to keep searching out the next meal in the wreck of the old world.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u666e\u723e\u52a0\u6258\u91cc\u7334(Purgatorius)\uff0c\u57286\u53437\u767e\u5e74\u524d\u5c31\u6d3b\u8e8d\u65bc\u662f\u6a39\u6797\u9593\uff0c\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u77e5\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u9748\u9577\u985e\u52d5\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728KP-g\u6642\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u975e\u5e38\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\u3002\u666e\u723e\u52a0\u6258\u91cc\u7334\u5fc5\u9808\u6709\u6797\u5b50\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u7761\u5728\u6a39\u6d1e\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u679c\u5b50\u548c\u6606\u87f2\u70ba\u98df\uff0c\u9760\u6a39\u8449\u548c\u6a39\u5e79\u96b1\u533f\u884c\u8e64\u3002\u666e\u723e\u52a0\u6258\u91cc\u7334\u7684\u68f2\u5730\u4e5f\u662f\u6613\u71c3\u7684\uff0c\u5728KP-g\u6642\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7a2e\u985e\u7684\u666e\u723e\u52a0\u6258\u91cc\u7334\u90fd\u6ec5\u7d55\u4e86\uff0c\u6240\u5e78\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5016\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u6578\u76ee\u5920\u591a\uff0c\u7d93\u904e\u7e41\ud85d\udde0\u800c\u6490\u904e\u4e86KP-g\u7684\u6311\u6230\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAbout 5 million years from our present moment, in other Paleocene forests, there will be snakes and crocodylians that exceed thirty feet in length\u2014swamp-bound creatures of a sweltering global hothouse. But that by itself is part of their secret. The surviving reptiles are species that were able to burrow or were semi-aquatic, and largely ectothermic\u2014their body temperature determined by the surrounding environment. In order to become highly active, warm-blooded creatures, the survivors would have to go through some dramatic changes. For the dinosaurs, for example, the fact that their ancestors became small, ate insects, and were covered in feathers was tied to their hot-running metabolism, offering more evolutionary options once their ecological competitors died off. But now, even a million years into the Paleocene, any reptile undergoing such changes would face threats from the warm-blooded mammals that are already proliferating through the landscape\u2026.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u57285\u767e\u842c\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u53e4\u8fd1\u7d00\u68ee\u6797\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u8eab\u9577\u8d85\u904e30\u544e\u7684\u86c7\u548c\u9c77\u9b5a\u985e\uff0c\u5728\u71b1\u6c23\u84b8\u9a30\u7684\u6eab\u6696\u5730\u7403\uff0c\u53ea\u4fb7\u9650\u7a31\u8987\u65bc\u6cbc\u6fa4\u5730\u5340\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u534a\u6c34\u751f\u51b7\u8840\u52d5\u7269\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u79d8\u8a23\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u9ad4\u6eab\u6703\u96a8\u8457\u74b0\u5883\u6eab\u5ea6\u800c\u8b8a\u5316(\u975e\u5e38\u7bc0\u80fd)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u800c\u8861\u6eab\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u4fdd\u6301\u6d3b\u529b\uff0c\u50cf\u6050\u9f8d\u67d0\u4e9b\u5016\u5b58\u7684\u5f8c\u4ee3(\u9ce5\u985e)\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u9ad4\u578b\u5fc5\u9808\u8b8a\u5c0f\u3001\u958b\u59cb\u5403\u6606\u87f2\u3001\u9577\u51fa\u7fbd\u6bdb\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u900f\u904e\u65b0\u9673\u4ee3\u8b1d\uff0c\u4fdd\u6301\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\u6eab\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u751f\u614b\u5708\u7684\u7af6\u722d\u4e2d\u53d6\u5f97\u512a\u52e2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u90a3\u500b\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u884c\u661f\u649e\u5730\u7403\u9032\u5165\u53e4\u8fd1\u7d00\u5df2\u7d93\u9577\u90541\u767e\u842c\u5e74\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u722c\u87f2\u985e\u518d\u6b77\u7d93\u9ce5\u985e\u90a3\u500b\u6539\u8b8a\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u592a\u665a\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6703\u53d7\u5230\u5f37\u5927\u7684\u8861\u6eab\u54fa\u4e73\u985e\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u6311\u6230\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNo species is an island. No species is a discrete and complete package by itself. A species is an expression of the interaction between organisms in its environment. Rather than being boxed in by taxonomy, a species represents a point of interaction between organisms\u2026.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7269\u7a2e\u662f\u55ae\u7368\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6c92\u6709\u7269\u7a2e\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u96e2\u6563\u51fa\u53bb\u800c\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7d66\u81ea\u8db3\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u7a2e\u300d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u751f\u614b\u5708\u4e2d\u6709\u6a5f\u9ad4\u4e4b\u9593\u6240\u8868\u73fe\u4e92\u52d5\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u300c\u7a2e\u300d\u4e0d\u662f\u547d\u540d\u6b78\u985e\u5b78\u4e0a\u72f9\u7a84\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u300c\u7a2e\u300d\u4ee3\u8868\u6709\u6a5f\u9ad4\u4e4b\u9593\u4e92\u52d5\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\u4e4b\u6240\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe shape of the forest guides the shape of mammalian evolution. Warm temperatures and frequent rainfall allow forests to grow throughout the year. That makes for multiple habitats, creating opportunities and interactions that would not otherwise be possible. More individual animals can live in a tropical forest than in the equivalent area of a grassland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Such dramatic changes are not instantaneous. They take time to develop\u2014millions of years, in fact. Specialization often comes from interaction and an ecological squeeze. Individual mammals are competing with other mammals for the same type of tasty plant. They can keep trying to compete and get more and more specialized \u2014perhaps being better at sniffing out the food source, digesting it, breaking down its defenses\u2014or they can shift to something else, another food source, or even be a generalist, taking a little of column A and column B. There is no right answer. There is only survival\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u68ee\u6797\u7684\u5f62\u614b\u5f15\u5c0e\u4e86\u54fa\u4e73\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u3002\u9ad8\u6eab\u548c\u5e38\u964d\u96e8\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u68ee\u6797\u4e00\u6574\u5e74\u90fd\u5728\u751f\u9577\u3002\u90a3\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u591a\u91cd\u7684\u68f2\u606f\u5730\uff0c\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u66f4\u591a\u751f\u5b58\u548c\u4e92\u52d5\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u3002\u96e8\u6797\u6bd4\u8d77\u8349\u5730\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bb9\u7d0d\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u68ee\u6797\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u5076\u7136\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u9700\u8981\u5f88\u9577\u7684\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u662f\u5e7e\u767e\u842c\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u64c5\u9577\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4f86\u81ea\u4e92\u52d5\u548c\u751f\u614b\u5708\u65bd\u4e88\u7684\u58d3\u529b\u3002\u54fa\u4e73\u985e\u4e4b\u9593\u76f8\u4e92\u7af6\u722d\u98df\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u53ef\u53e3\u690d\u7269\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u7af6\u722d\u800c\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u64c5\u9577\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u66f4\u80fd\u55c5\u51fa\u98df\u54c1\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\u3001\u66f4\u6709\u8fa6\u6cd5\u6d88\u5316\u3001\u66f4\u80fd\u514b\u670d\u690d\u7269\u7684\u6bd2\u7d20\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u969c\u7919\u3002\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f49\u800c\u5403\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\uff0c\u9069\u61c9\u5176\u4ed6\u98df\u7269\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8b8a\u5f97\u4ec0\u9ebc\u90fd\u80fd\u5403\uff0c\u5403A\u682a\u6216B\u682a\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5c0d\u932f\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u53ea\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u5716\u5f97\u751f\u5b58\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cConclusion\u2026From the time life first originated on our planet over 3.6 billion years ago, it has never been extinguished. Think about that for a moment. Think through all those eons. The changing climates, from hothouse to snowball and back again. Continents swirled and bumped and ground into each other. The great die-offs from too much oxygen, too little oxygen, volcanoes billowing out unimaginable quantities of gas and ash, seas spilling over continents and then drying up, forests growing and dying according to ecological cycles that take millennia, meteorite and asteroid strikes, mountains rising only to be ground down and pushed up anew, oceans replacing floodplains replacing deserts replacing oceans, on and on, every day, for billions of years. And still life endures.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u81ea36\u5104\u5e74\u524d\u5730\u7403\u958b\u59cb\u6709\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u751f\u751f\u4e0d\u606f\u81f3\u4eca\u4e0d\u7d55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8a66\u60f3\u5728\u6642\u9593\u7684\u9577\u6cb3\u88cf\uff0c\u6c23\u5019\u6301\u7e8c\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u5f9e\u6975\u71b1\u8b8a\u70ba\u6975\u51b7\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u53c8\u8b8a\u71b1\u56de\u4f86\uff1b\u5927\u9678\u584a\u4e4b\u9593\u65cb\u8f49\u3001\u78b0\u649e\u3001\u4e92\u76f8\u5c64\u758a\uff1b\u7a7a\u6c23\u4e2d\u6c27\u6c23\u7531\u592a\u591a\u8b8a\u5f97\u592a\u5c11\uff1b\u706b\u5c71\u5674\u767c\u51fa\u5927\u91cf\u4e0d\u53ef\u601d\u8b70\u7684\u6c23\u9ad4\u548c\u7070\u5875\uff1b\u6d77\u5e73\u9762\u66fe\u7d93\u5927\u6f32\u6df9\u6c92\u9678\u5730\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u6d88\u9000\uff1b\u68ee\u6797\u96a8\u8457\u751f\u614b\u9031\u671f\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6d41\u661f\u3001\u884c\u661f\u649e\u64ca\uff0c\u66fe\u760b\u72c2\u6210\u9577\u4e5f\u66fe\u9000\u5316\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff1b\u65b0\u7684\u9020\u5c71\u904b\u52d5\u53ca\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u5d29\u843d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e4b\u5f8c\u65b0\u5c71\u7684\u9686\u8d77\uff1b\u6d77\u6d0b\u8b8a\u6210\u6c99\u6f20\u3001\u6c99\u6f20\u8b8a\u6210\u6c96\u7a4d\u5e73\u539f\u3001\u6c96\u7a4d\u5e73\u539f\u8b8a\u6d77\u6d0b\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u76f4\u6bcf\u5929\u4e0d\u65b7\u5730\u8b8a\u5316\uff0c\u6301\u7e8c\u6578\u5341\u5104\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5805\u6301\u4e86\u4e0b\u4f86\uff0c\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u6d88\u5931\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cLife has no plan or direction. Life is not seeking a way and burrowing into those cracks and crevices with any thought of tomorrow, or even the next moment. But I think, pretentious as he could be, the fictional Dr. Malcolm was sidling up to a slightly different formulation, one that includes constraint and possibility, growth and death. And it is simply this. It’s the lesson that those million years between the Age of Dinosaurs and Age of Mammals teaches us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If there is a way, life will find it.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u751f\u547d\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u65e2\u6c92\u6709\u8a08\u5283\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u65e2\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u751f\u547d\u4e26\u975e\u5c0b\u6c42\u53ef\u4f9b\u5e87\u8b77\u7684\u7e2b\u9699\uff0c\u660e\u5929\u4e0d\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u500b\u77ac\u9593\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6b63\u5982\u4f8f\u5138\u7d00\u96fb\u5f71\u4e2d\u7684\u865b\u69cb\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u4e00\u4e16\u7684Dr. Malcolm\u6240\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u9ede\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u751f\u547d\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u9650\u5236\u548c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff1b\u6210\u9577\u548c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u800c\u9019\u4e0d\u5c31\u662f\u5e7e\u767e\u842c\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u6050\u9f8d\u7684\u4e16\u7d00\u548c\u54fa\u4e73\u985e\u7684\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u6240\u5e36\u7d66\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6559\u8a13\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u51fa\u53e3\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u5c31\u4e00\u5b9a\u6703\u627e\u5230\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*\uff1aRiley Black, \u201cThe last days of the Dinosaurs, an asteroid, extinction, and the beginning of our world,\u201d 2022, St. Martin\u2019s Press<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2023\/10\/5 The last days of the Dinosaurs Damakey<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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