{"id":36676,"date":"2023-09-07T17:30:50","date_gmt":"2023-09-07T09:30:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=36676"},"modified":"2023-09-26T17:33:24","modified_gmt":"2023-09-26T09:33:24","slug":"an-immense-world-contact-and-flow%ef%bc%8c%e3%80%8c%e8%a7%b8%e8%a6%ba%e3%80%8d","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=36676","title":{"rendered":"An Immense World – Contact and Flow\uff0c\u300c\u89f8\u89ba\u300d"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAn Immense World\u201d \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u9019\u500b\u6bb5\u843d\uff0c\u8b1b\u7684\u662f\u201cA Rough Sense, Contact and Flow\u201d\uff0c\u300c\u89f8\u89ba\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6d77\u737a\u7684\u722a\u5b50\uff0c\u88f8\u9f34\u9f20\u7684\u7259\u9f52\uff0c\u661f\u9f3b\u9f34\u7684\u661f\u72c0\u9f3b\uff0c\u9f20\u985e\u7684\u89f8\u9b1a\uff0c\u9d28\u5634\u7378\u7684\u5634\u5599\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u624b\u3001\u5634\u5507\u548c\u6027\u5668\u5b98\uff0c\u9ce5\u985e\u7684\u5599\uff0c\u9ce5\u985e\u982d\u4e0a\u7684\u7e96\u7fbd\uff0c\u6d77\u725b\u7684\u89f8\u9b1a\uff0c\u6d77\u8c79\u7684\u89f8\u9b1a\uff0c\u77ed\u543b\u9c77\u5634\u5df4\u5916\u9762\u53ca\u88cf\u9762\u7684\u9686\u8d77\u7269\uff0c\u864e\u7d0b\u9cef\u68a8\u86db\u8173\u4e0a\u7684\u76c5\u6bdb\uff0c\u6bdb\u6bdb\u87f2\u7684\u6bdb\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u795e\u5947\u7684\u89f8\u89ba\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u8a61\u662f\u842c\u7269\u4e4b\u9748\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7576\u7406\u89e3\u5230\u5176\u5be6\u6709\u5f88\u52d5\u7269\u89f8\u89ba\u7684\u654f\u611f\u5ea6\uff0c\u9ad8\u5230\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u81ea\u615a\u5f62\u7a62\u624d\u662f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u56de\u5230\u300cUmwelt\u300d\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6700\u597d\u4e0d\u8981\u5f9e\u4eba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u63e3\u6e2c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u61c9\u8a72\u5f9e\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u7269\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u751f\u614b\u68f2\u4f4d\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6240\u6709\u795e\u5947\u4e4b\u6240\u5728\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u554a\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u2026wild sea otters snag fish, seize sea urchins, and dig out buried clams. Their delicate sense of touch allows them to survive as a small, warm mammal in a big, cold ocean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The sensitivity of their paws is evident in their brains. As in other species, a region called the somatosensory cortex deals with touch. Different sections of the somatosensory cortex receive inputs from different parts of the body, and the relative size of these sections can hint at an animal’s major tactile organs. In humans, the hands, lips, and genitals are most heavily represented. In mice, its the whiskers; in platypuses, the bill; and in naked mole-rats, the teeth. In sea otters, the part of the somatosensory cortex that receives signals from the paws is disproportionally big compared to those of other mustelids, and even compared to those of other otters.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6d77\u737a\u6293\u9b5a\u3001\u525d\u98df\u6d77\u81bd\u3001\u6316\u51fa\u86e4\u870a\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u654f\u92b3\u7684\u89f8\u89ba\uff0c\u662f\u5c0f\u578b\u8861\u6eab\u54fa\u4e73\u52d5\u7269\u5728\u6df1\u51b7\u7684\u5927\u6d77\u4e2d\u8cf4\u4ee5\u751f\u5b58\u4e4b\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b83\u5011\u722a\u5b50\u89f8\u89ba\u7684\u654f\u92b3\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u5927\u8166\u770b\u51fa\u4f86\u3002\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7a2e\u985e\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5927\u8166\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u53eb\u505a\u9ad4\u611f\u76ae\u5c64\u7684\u5340\u57df\uff0c\u662f\u8ca0\u8cac\u8655\u7406\u89f8\u89ba\u7684\u3002\u9ad4\u611f\u76ae\u5c64\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5340\u6bb5\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u63a5\u6536\u4f86\u81ea\u8eab\u9ad4\u4e0d\u540c\u90e8\u4f4d\u50b3\u4f86\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\uff0c\u5f9e\u90a3\u500b\u5340\u6bb5\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u6e2c\u51fa\u54ea\u4e9b\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u89f8\u89ba\u5668\u5b98\u3002\u5728\u4eba\u985e\u4e3b\u8981\u5c31\u662f\u624b\u3001\u5634\u5507\u548c\u6027\u5668\u5b98\u3002\u9f20\u985e\u662f\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u89f8\u9b1a\u3002\u9d28\u5634\u7378\u662f\u5634\u5599\u3002\u88f8\u9f34\u9f20\u662f\u7259\u9f52\u3002\u800c\u6d77\u7028\uff0c\u5b83\u63a5\u6536\u722a\u5b50\u50b3\u4f86\u8a0a\u606f\u7684\u9ad4\u611f\u76ae\u5c64\u5340\u6bb5\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u6bd4\u540c\u70ba\u9f2c\u79d1\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u52d5\u7269\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e0a\u90fd\u8981\u5927\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u6c34\u7028\u7684\u9084\u8981\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe star-nosed mole is a hamster-sized animal with silky fur, a rat-like tail, and shovel-like paws. It lives throughout the densely populated eastern parts of North America, but since it dwells in bogs and swamps and spends most of its time underground, few people ever see it\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u661f\u9f3b\u9f34\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u6709\u82e5\u5009\u9f20\uff0c\u8eab\u4e0a\u8986\u6709\u7d72\u6bdb\uff0c\u6709\u50cf\u8001\u9f20\u822c\u7684\u5c3e\u5df4\uff0c\u93df\u5b50\u822c\u7684\u722a\u5b50\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u68f2\u606f\u5730\u5728\u4eba\u53e3\u7a20\u5bc6\u7684\u5317\u7f8e\u6771\u5cb8\uff0c\u4f4f\u5728\u9178\u6cbc\u548c\u6a39\u6cbc\u7684\u5730\u5340\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6642\u9593\u5728\u5730\u5e95\u4e0b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u66fe\u770b\u904e\u904e\u5b83\u5011\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe mole’s somatosensory cortex the touch center of its brain is disproportionately devoted to the star, much as a human’s touch center is especially devoted to our hands. And just as our somatosensory cortex has clusters of neurons that represent each of our fingers, the mole’s has stripes of neurons that correspond to each ray of the star\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 11th pair of rays, which are smaller than all the rest, is represented by a massive chunk of neurons, which take up a quarter of the brain region that’s used for the entire star\u2026the zone where the animal’s sense of touch is sharpest. It’s no coincidence that this zone lies just in front of the mole’s mouth. The instant it decides that an object feels like food, it can part the rith pair of rays and seize the morsel with its tweezer-like front teeth.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u661f\u9f3b\u9f34\u5927\u8166\u4e2d\u7684\u89f8\u89ba\u9ad4\u611f\u76ae\u5c64\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7528\u4f86\u8655\u7406\u9f3b\u5b50\u4e0a\u7684\u661f\u72c0\u5668\u5b98\u50b3\u4f86\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4eba\u985e\u8166\u888b\u4e2d\u7684\u89f8\u89ba\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u8655\u7406\u624b\u6307\u6240\u50b3\u4f86\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7684\u9ad4\u611f\u76ae\u5c64\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d\u6bcf\u96bb\u624b\u6307\u6709\u76f8\u61c9\u7684\u53e2\u805a\u795e\u7d93\u5143\uff1b\u661f\u9f3b\u9f34\u7684\u9ad4\u611f\u76ae\u5c64\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d\u661f\u72c0\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u6bcf\u689d\u5c04\u7dda\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u5e36\u72c0\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u5143\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u661f\u72c0\u5668\u5b98\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c11\u689d\u5c04\u7dda\uff0c\u6bd4\u8d77\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u7684\u661f\u72c0\u5c04\u7dda\u662f\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u537b\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u5143\uff0c\u4f54\u64da\u4e86\u5927\u8166\u4e2d\u661f\u72c0\u5668\u5b98\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u9ad4\u611f\u76ae\u5c64\u9ad8\u9054\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u5340\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u661f\u72c0\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u7b2c11\u689d\u5c04\u7dda\uff0c\u662f\u661f\u9f3b\u9f34\u89f8\u89ba\u6700\u654f\u92b3\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u4f4d\u65bc\u5634\u5df4\u524d\u9762\u4e26\u975e\u5de7\u5408\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7cbe\u5fc3\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08\u3002\u7576\u611f\u89ba\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u6771\u897f\u662f\u98df\u7269\u7684\u90a3\u500b\u77ac\u9593\uff0c\u5634\u5df4\u5c31\u6703\u5f35\u958b\u628a\u5b83\u7528\u6709\u82e5\u9477\u5b50\u822c\u7684\u7259\u9f52\u6293\u4f4f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe beaks of birds are made of bone and sheathed in the same hard keratin that constitutes your fingernails. They seem inanimate and insensitive hard, face-mounted tools for grabbing and pecking. But in many species, the tip of the bill contains a smattering of mechanoreceptors, sensitive to vibrations and movements.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9ce5\u985e\u7684\u5599\u662f\u9aa8\u9abc\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u5916\u9762\u5305\u8986\u8457\u89d2\u86cb\u767d\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6307\u7532\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u5599\u770b\u4f86\u597d\u50cf\u7121\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u7121\u611f\u800c\u4e14\u5805\u786c\uff0c\u662f\u9577\u5728\u81c9\u90e8\u7528\u4f86\u6293\u53d6\u6216\u5544\u98df\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u9ce5\u985e\uff0c\u5728\u5b83\u5011\u5634\u5599\u7684\u5c16\u7aef\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u6a5f\u68b0\u611f\u53d7\u5668\uff0c\u5c0d\u9707\u52d5\u548c\u79fb\u52d5\u5f88\u654f\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u2026In chickens, which rely heavily on vision to forage, those mechanoreceptors are relatively rare, and concentrated in a few small clusters on the lower beak alone. But in some ducks, like mallards and shovelers, they’re spread all over the bill, upper and lower, inside and out. In some places, these mechanoreceptors are as densely packed as they are in our digits. The mallard’s bill may be covered in the stuff of human fingernails, but it’s extremely sensitive. Ducks use this sense to find food in murky water\u2026They can grab fast-swimming tadpoles in the dark, and filter edible morsels from the inedible mud.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9dc4\u4e3b\u8981\u9760\u8996\u89ba\u8993\u98df\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5599\u4e0a\u7684\u6a5f\u68b0\u611f\u53d7\u5668\u76f8\u5c0d\u6bd4\u8f03\u5c11\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ea\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u4e0b\u5599\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u6709\u4e9b\u9d28\u985e\uff0c\u5982\u7da0\u982d\u9d28\u548c\u7435\u5634\u9d28\uff0c\u6a5f\u68b0\u611f\u53d7\u5668\u5247\u904d\u4f48\u5728\u5599\u7684\u4e0a\u3001\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5544\u7684\u5167\u7de3\u53ca\u5916\u5074\u3002\u6a5f\u68b0\u611f\u53d7\u5668\u5bc6\u4f48\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u82e5\u6211\u5011\u7684\u624b\u6307\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u7da0\u982d\u9d28\u7684\u5599\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u53ca\u4eba\u6307\u7532\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u537b\u6975\u70ba\u654f\u611f\u3002\u9d28\u985e\u7528\u9019\u7a2e\u654f\u92b3\u7684\u89f8\u89ba\u5728\u660f\u6697\u7684\u6c34\u4e2d\u8993\u98df\u2026\u2026\u5b83\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u6293\u4f4f\u6e38\u5f97\u5f88\u5feb\u7684\u874c\u86aa\uff0c\u5f9e\u6ce5\u6c34\u4e2d\u904e\u6ffe\u51fa\u53ef\u4ee5\u5403\u7684\u98df\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u2026Even the most deserted beaches are full of buried treasure worms, shellfish, and crustaceans, all concealed within the sand. To reach this hidden buffet, shorebirds like curlews, oystercatchers, sandpipers, and knots probe among the grains with their beaks. Under a microscope, the tips of their bills are riddled with pits, like corncobs with all their kernels bitten off. Those pits are full of mechanoreceptors that are similar to those in our hands and allow the birds to detect buried prey.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u518d\u8352\u6dbc\u7684\u6d77\u7058\u4e0b\u9762\uff0c\u90fd\u85cf\u8457\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u5bf6\u85cf\u3002\u6d77\u87f2\u3001\u8c9d\u985e\u3001\u7532\u6bbc\u985e\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u6c99\u5b50\u88cf\u3002\u6ff1\u9ce5\uff0c\u5982\u9df8\u3001\u8823\u9df8\u3001\u78ef\u9df8\u3001\u6ff1\u9df8\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u6703\u7528\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u5599\u5728\u6c99\u7c92\u4e2d\u627e\u98df\u7269\u3002\u5728\u986f\u5fae\u93e1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u5599\u7684\u5c16\u7aef\u5206\u4f48\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c0f\u6d1e\uff0c\u5f62\u72c0\u50cf\u53bb\u6389\u7389\u7c73\u7684\u7389\u7c73\u68d2\u5b50\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c0f\u6d1e\u88cf\uff0c\u4f48\u6eff\u6a5f\u68b0\u611f\u77e5\u5668\uff0c\u50cf\u6211\u5011\u7684\u624b\u6307\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u6ff1\u9ce5\u9760\u5b83\u5011\u5075\u6e2c\u57cb\u5728\u6c99\u5b50\u88cf\u7684\u7375\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMany other birds have stuff bristles on their heads and faces\u2026they could have initially evolved to provide tactile information. As the whiskered auklet shows, an animal only needs a few bristles to extend its sense of touch in useful ways. Perhaps feathers first appeared as small clumps on the heads or arms of dinosaurs, helping them first to feel and only later to fly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u9ce5\u985e\u5728\u982d\u4e0a\u3001\u81c9\u4e0a\u9577\u4e86\u77ed\u77ed\u7684\u525b\u6bdb\u2026.. \u6216\u8a31\u5728\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u6f14\u5316\u4f86\u63d0\u4f9b\u89f8\u89ba\u7684\u3002\u5f9e\u5c0f\u6d77\u96c0\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u52d5\u7269\u53ea\u8981\u4e00\u9ede\u9ede\u525b\u6bdb\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u5e45\u4fc3\u9032\u89f8\u89ba\u3002\u6216\u8a31\u5728\u6050\u9f8d\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u7fbd\u6bdb\u5728\u982d\u6216\u81c2\u8180\u4e0a\u5c0f\u64ae\u5c0f\u64ae\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u4fc3\u9032\u89f8\u89ba\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u624d\u767c\u5c55\u6210\u98db\u884c\u7684\u7fbd\u6bdb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMammals have been using whiskers for almost as long as mammals have existed. Today, rats and opossums, which share the habits of their small, nocturnal, climbing, scampering ancestors, still whisk. Guinea pigs do it half-heartedly. Cats and dogs don’t do it at all, although their whiskers are still mobile. Humans and other apes have lost our whiskers entirely and invested instead in sensitive hands. Whales and dolphins are born with whiskers, but these quickly fall out except around the lips and blowholes. Whisking, after all, is too difficult to do in the water. Whiskers, however, can still be useful.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u54fa\u4e73\u52d5\u7269\u4e00\u5411\u9577\u6709\u89f8\u9b1a\u3002\u8001\u9f20\u3001\u8ca0\u9f20\u548c\u5b83\u5011\u5c0f\u578b\u591c\u884c\u6027\u8e66\u8e66\u8df3\u8df3\u7684\u59cb\u7956\u5011\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u90fd\u4fdd\u6709\u62c2\u52d5\u89f8\u9b1a\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u3002\u5929\u7afa\u9f20\u5076\u723e\u4e5f\u6703\u7121\u5fc3\u5730\u52d5\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002\u8c93\u548c\u72d7\u7684\u89f8\u9b1a\u90fd\u9084\u6703\u52d5\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u4e0d\u518d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u3002\u4eba\u985e\u548c\u7329\u7329\u5247\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u9577\u89f8\u9b1a\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u9760\u654f\u611f\u7684\u624b\u7522\u751f\u7684\u89f8\u89ba\u3002\u9be8\u9b5a\u548c\u6d77\u8c5a\u90fd\u9577\u6709\u89f8\u9b1a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u6c34\u4e2d\u96e3\u4ee5\u7522\u751f\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u7e3d\u7d50\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u89f8\u9b1a\u5c0d\u67d0\u4e9b\u52d5\u7269\u9084\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u8655\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cManatees are the only known mammals that only have vibrissae and no other kinds of hair. Aside from the whiskers on their oral disk, they have another 3,000 scattered all over their large bodies\u2026.Manatees use these body-wide whiskers for another purpose to sense the water flowing around them.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6d77\u725b\u662f\u54fa\u4e73\u52d5\u7269\u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u64c1\u6709\u89f8\u9b1a\u7684\u7269\u7a2e\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u5634\u76e4\u908a\u7684\u89f8\u9b1a\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6d77\u725b\u5728\u9f90\u5927\u7684\u8eab\u8ec0\u4e0a\u758f\u758f\u6563\u4f48\u4e86\u5927\u7d043,000\u6839\u7684\u89f8\u9b1a\u2026\u2026\u6d77\u725b\u900f\u904e\u9019\u4e9b\u904d\u4f48\u8eab\u8ec0\u7684\u89f8\u9b1a\uff0c\u53bb\u611f\u53d7\u8eab\u65c1\u6d77\u6c34\u6d41\u52d5\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSensory hairs are versatile structures. They can be actively pressed against surfaces to produce tactile sensations, as whisking rats and oripulating manatees do. But they can also be passively bent and deflected by flowing air or water. By responding to that pressure, an animal can detect the flows created by distant objects, touching things from afar without needing to make direct contact. Manatees can certainly do this.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u6bdb\u9aee(\u89f8\u9b1a)\u7684\u69cb\u9020\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7522\u751f\u591a\u5f0f\u5404\u6a23\u7684\u77e5\u89ba\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u58d3\u5728\u5404\u7a2e\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7522\u751f\u89f8\u89ba\uff0c\u821e\u52d5\u89f8\u9b1a\u7684\u9f20\u985e\u548c\u7528\u5634\u76e4\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u6d77\u725b\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u52d5\u8b93\u6c34\u6d41\u58d3\u5f4e\u6216\u53cd\u6298\u89f8\u9b1a\uff0c\u5f9e\u7522\u751f\u7684\u58d3\u529b\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5075\u6e2c\u5230\u9060\u8655\u7269\u9ad4\u64fe\u52d5\u7684\u6c34\u6d41\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u76f4\u63a5\u6478\u5230\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u9060\u8655\u5c31\u7522\u751f\u89f8\u89ba\uff0c\u6d77\u725b\u5c31\u7d55\u5c0d\u6709\u9019\u7a2e\u672c\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAs a fish swims, it leaves behind a hydrodynamic wake \u2014\u2014a trail of swirling water that continues to whirl long after the animal has passed. Seals, with their sensitive whiskers, can detect and interpret these trails\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7576\u9b5a\u6e38\u904e\uff0c\u5728\u5b83\u7684\u8eab\u5f8c\u6703\u7559\u4e0b\u6c34\u88ab\u64fe\u52d5\u7684\u75d5\u8de1\uff0c\u5728\u9b5a\u6e38\u8d70\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7d30\u5c0f\u7684\u65cb\u6e26\u9084\u6703\u7559\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\u3002\u6d77\u8c79\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u5b83\u654f\u92b3\u7684\u89f8\u9b1a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5075\u6e2c\u4e26\u4e14\u89e3\u8b80\u90a3\u4e9b\u6c34\u75d5\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThose fish might be camouflaged and lying perfectly still, but a seal can still feel their breaths with its face. A seal’s tactile world is attuned to flow and motion, and their prey cannot help but move. It would seem like an unfair contest, if those prey didn’t have incredible hydrodynamic powers of their own.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u90a3\u4e9b\u9b5a\u985e\u6216\u8a31\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u507d\u88dd\u8d77\u4f86\u800c\u4e14\u975c\u975c\u8eba\u4e0b\u4f86\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6d77\u8c79\u9084\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u81c9(\u7684\u89f8\u9b1a)\u611f\u89ba\u5230\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u9f3b\u606f\u3002\u6d77\u8c79\u7684\u89f8\u89ba\u5584\u65bc\u5075\u6e2c\u6c34\u6d41\u548c\u52d5\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u7375\u7269\u53c8\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u9003\u8dd1\u3002\u5982\u679c\u90a3\u4e9b\u7375\u7269\u7684\u6c34\u6027\u4e0d\u5920\u597d\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u7af6\u722d\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAlligators have rows of dark, raised domes along the edges of their jaws, as if they\u2019re wearing beards made of blackheads\u2026The bumps,\u2026, are pressure receptors that can detect vibration at the water\u2019s surface\u2026The animals use the bumps to scan the thin horizontal layer where air and water meet. They sit in ambush in that layer, waiting for something to land in the water or to arrive at its edge for a drink\u2026The bumps are also found around the teeth and inside the mouth, so crocodilians might use them to assess their food or adjust their bites\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u77ed\u543b\u9c77\u5728\u5634\u9830\u908a\u4e0a\u6709\u5e7e\u6392\u9ed1\u8272\u9686\u8d77\u7684\u5713\u9ede\uff0c\u50cf\u6234\u8457\u9ed1\u982d\u7c89\u523a\u4e32\u6210\u7684\u9805\u934a\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u9686\u8d77\u7269\uff0c\u662f\u58d3\u529b\u7684\u53d7\u5668\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5075\u6e2c\u6c34\u9762\u7684\u9707\u52d5\u3002\u2026\u2026\u9019\u7a2e\u52d5\u7269\u7528\u90a3\u4e9b\u9686\u8d77\u7269\u6383\u7784\u6c34\u9762\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u57cb\u4f0f\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\uff0c\u7b49\u5f85\u7375\u7269\u6389\u4e0b\u4f86\u6216\u5230\u90a3\u500b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u559d\u6c34\u2026\u2026. \u5728\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u7259\u9f52\u7684\u5468\u908a\u548c\u5634\u5df4\ud855\ude83\u9762\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u9686\u8d77\u7269\uff0c\u5206\u985e\u4e0a\u5c6c\u65bc\u9c77\u76ee\u7684\u7269\u7a2e\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u7528\u5b83\u5011\u4f86\u54c1\u5690\u98df\u7269\u6216\u662f\u8abf\u6574\u96d9\u984e\u54ac\u5408\u7684\u529b\u5ea6\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cA clue can be found at the base of each peacock crest feather, where there’s a smaller companion feather called a filoplume. It’s just a simple shaft with a tufted tip, and could act as a mechanosensor. When moving air shakes the crest feather, the crest feather could nudge the filoplume, and the filoplume could trigger a nerve. Filoplumes are found in most birds, and are almost always associated with another feather. Birds can use them to monitor the position of their feathers, perhaps to sense when their smooth plumage has become ruffled and needs to be preened. But filoplumes are especially important during flight.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u9e1a\u9d61\u982d\u4e0a\u51a0\u7fbd\u7684\u5e95\u90e8\uff0c\u6709\u7d30\u5c0f\u7684\u7e96\u7fbd\u3002\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u55ae\u7d14\u9577\u5728\u7fbd\u687f\u4e0a\u7684\u7c07\u6bdb\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u70ba\u6a5f\u68b0\u611f\u77e5\u5668\u3002\u7576\u6c23\u6d41\u6416\u52d5\u51a0\u7fbd\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u6703\u5411\u4e0b\u8f15\u89f8\u5230\u7e96\u7fbd\uff0c\u7e96\u7fbd\u89f8\u52d5\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u3002\u7e96\u7fbd\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u9ce5\u985e\u7684\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9023\u5e36\u4e0a\u9762\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u7fbd\u6bdb\u3002\u9ce5\u985e\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u7e96\u7fbd\u4f86\u5bc6\u5207\u6ce8\u610f\u7fbd\u6bdb\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u77e5\u9053\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6642\u5019\u8a72\u6574\u7406\u5f04\u4e82\u7684\u7fbd\u6bdb\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7e96\u7fbd\u5728\u7dad\u6301\u98db\u884c\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u4e0a\uff0c\u66f4\u70ba\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe tiger wandering spider doesn’t spin a web to catch food; instead, it sits in wait for its prey. Its legs are covered in hundreds of thousands of hairs, which are packed so densely that there can be 400 in a square millimeter. Almost all of them are connected to nerves and are sensitive to touch\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u864e\u7d0b\u9cef\u68a8\u86db\u4e26\u4e0d\u7e54\u7db2\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u975c\u975c\u7b49\u5f85\u7375\u7269\u4e0a\u9580\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u8173\u4e0a\u9577\u6eff\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u7d30\u6bdb\uff0c\u5bc6\u5ea6\u9ad8\u9054\u6bcf\u5e73\u65b9\ud862\udd33\u7c73\u6709400\u6839\u3002\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6bdb\u90fd\u9023\u63a5\u5230\u795e\u7d93\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e0a\u9762\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u89f8\u89ba\u975e\u5e38\u654f\u92b3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMost of these hairs only respond to direct contact, but some are so long and sensitive that they will also be deflected by the wind. These are called trichobothria, from the Greek words for “hair” (trichos and “cup” (bothrium). Like a bird’s filoplumes or a fish’s neuromasts, they’re flow sensors \u2014 albeit exceptionally sensitive ones. Even air that’s moving at just an inch per minute \u2014 a breeze so gentle it could hardly be called a breeze \u2014 will deflect them. Watch them under a microscope, and you’ll see them fluttering away under the influence of imperceptible currents, while everything around them is still. With a hundred trichobothria on every leg, the tiger wandering spider can tune in to the airflow around its body, in every possible direction. It uses this sensitivity for lethal ends.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u864e\u7d0b\u9cef\u68a8\u86db\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u6bdb\u5c0d\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u78b0\u89f8\u7522\u751f\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e9b\u6bdb\u5be6\u5728\u592a\u9577\uff0c\u6703\u88ab\u98a8\u5439\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u6bdb\u53eb\u505a\u300c\u76c5\u6bdb\u300d(trichobothria)\uff0c\u5728\u5e0c\u81d8\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u662f\u7d50\u5408\u4e86\u300c\u6bdb\u9aee hair\u300d(trichos)\u548c\u300c\u76c5cup\u300d(bothrium)\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u9ce5\u985e\u7684\u7e96\u7fbd\u6216\u9b5a\u985e\u7684\u9ad4\u5074\u817a\uff0c\u662f\u5c0d\u6d41\u52d5\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u5668\uff0c\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u654f\u611f\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u7a7a\u6c23\u4ee5\u6bcf\u5206\u9418\u79fb\u52d5\u4e00\u540b\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u9023\u8f15\u98a8\u90fd\u7b97\u4e0d\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u611f\u77e5\u5668\u90fd\u5075\u6e2c\u5f97\u5230\u3002\u653e\u5728\u986f\u5fae\u93e1\u4e0b\u770b\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u597d\u50cf\u5728\u770b\u4e0d\u898b\u7684\u6c23\u6d41\u4e0b\u98c4\u52d5\uff0c\u800c\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u6771\u897f\u5247\u90fd\u7d0b\u98a8\u4e0d\u52d5\u3002\u864e\u7d0b\u9cef\u68a8\u86db\u5728\u8173\u4e0a\u6709\u4e00\u767e\u689d\u76c5\u6bdb\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u91dd\u5c0d\u975e\u5e38\u7d30\u5fae\u7684\u98a8\u58d3\u8abf\u6574\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u3002\u5b83\u5584\u7528\u9019\u7a2e\u654f\u611f\u5ea6\uff0c\u5c0d\u7375\u7269\u7522\u751f\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMost arthropods \u2014 the diverse group that includes insects, spiders, and crustaceans \u2014 have hairs that detect the flow of either water or air. The implications of this widespread sense are profound, in ways we have barely begun to grapple with. For example, in 1978, J\u00fcrgen Tautz showed that caterpillars can use hairs on their midsection to sense the air movements produced by flying parasitic wasps. They react by freezing, throwing up, or falling to the ground. Thirty years later, Tautz showed that flying honeybees can trigger the same effect. Simply by moving the air around the plants that they visit, bees can reduce the amount of damage that very hungry caterpillars might inflict. Few groups of insects matter more to plants than bees and caterpillars. And yet no one appreciated that these groups the pollinators and the despoilers are connected by the slightest gusts of wind and the minuscule deflections of hairs. The air around us is full of signals that we don’t detect. And so is the ground below us.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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*\uff1aED Yong, \u201cAn Immense World,\u201d 2022, Random House\/New York<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2023\/9\/7 A Rough Sense, Contact and Flow Damakey<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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