{"id":36657,"date":"2023-09-04T17:09:25","date_gmt":"2023-09-04T09:09:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=36657"},"modified":"2023-09-26T17:16:55","modified_gmt":"2023-09-26T09:16:55","slug":"an-immense-world-pains","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=36657","title":{"rendered":"An immense world – Pains"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u95dc\u65bc\u52d5\u7269\u4fdd\u8b77\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u5c64\u9762\u7684\u8003\u91cf\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\uff0c\u5230\u5e95\u8a72\u52d5\u7269\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u505a\u70ba\u4e3b\u8981\u53c3\u8003\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u81f3\u65bc\u8c93\u3001\u72d7\u7b49\u7b49\u5bf5\u7269\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8aaa\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u800c\u50cf\u9b5a\u985e\u3001\u7121\u810a\u690e\u7684\u982d\u8db3\u985e\u7b49\u7b49\u7684\u300c\u51b7\u8840\u52d5\u7269\u300d\uff0c\u4ee5\u524d\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u75bc\u75db\u70ba\u4f55\u7269\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u7528\u592a\u904e\u65bc\u5728\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u9019\u4e9b\u300c\u51b7\u8840\u300d\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u96e3\u9053\u771f\u7684\u6c92\u6709\u75bc\u75db\u7684\u611f\u89ba\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6839\u64da\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u9b5a\u3001\u5bc4\u5c45\u87f9\u3001\u982d\u8db3\u985e\u4e2d\u7684\u7ae0\u9b5a\u548c\u9b77\u9b5a\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u5728\u9762\u5c0d\u523a\u6fc0\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u90fd\u6703\u6709\u5404\u7a2e\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u75bc\u75db\u53cd\u61c9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c0d\u65bc\u75bc\u75db\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u91dd\u5c0d\u5927\u985e\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u9b5a\u985e\u3001\u7532\u6bbc\u985e\u3001\u982d\u8db3\u985e\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u6574\u500b\u4e00\u5927\u985e\u5c31\u907d\u7136\u4e0b\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002\u5176\u5be6\uff0c\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u985e\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7269\u7a2e\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u4e5f\u662f\u883b\u5927\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300aAn Immense World\u300b\u9019\u672c\u66f8\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u75bc\u75db(Pains)\u6709\u5c08\u7ae0\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u5f88\u6709\u610f\u601d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9084\u662f\u8981\u56de\u5230\u300aAn Immense World\u300b\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u601d\u8def\u4e3b\u8ef8\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u56fa\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u751f\u7269\u6b78\u985e\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u907f\u514d\u5f9e\u300c\u64ec\u4eba\u8ad6\u300d(Anthropomorphism) \u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u60f3\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u5f9e\u300cUmwelt \u300d\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u56de\u6b78\u5230\u751f\u7269\u672c\u8eab\u600e\u9ebc\u770b\u4e16\u754c\u3001\u600e\u9ebc\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u4e92\u52d5\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f86\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u838a\u5468\u5922\u8776\uff0c\u9192\u4f86\u5f04\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u662f\u8b8a\u6210\u838a\u5468\u7684\u8774\u8776\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u5922\u4e2d\u8b8a\u6210\u8774\u8776\u7684\u838a\u5468\u3002\u300aAn Immense World\u300b\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u544a\u8a34\u6211\u5011\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8981\u771f\u6b63\u4e86\u89e3\u8774\u8776\uff0c\u975e\u8b8a\u6210\u8774\u8776\u7684\u838a\u5468\u4e0d\u53ef\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7bc0\u9304\u4e00\u4e9b\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u6bb5\u843d\uff0c\u8207\u5927\u5bb6\u5206\u4eab\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Our experience of pain depends on a class of neurons called nociceptor.(The word is pronounced with a soft c, and comes from the Latin word nocere, meaning “to harm.”) The naked tips of these neurons pervade our skin and other organs. They are loaded with sensors that detect harmful stimuli-intense heat or cold, crushing pressures, acids, toxins, and chemicals released by injuries and inflammation. Nociceptors vary in their size, how excitable they are, and how quickly they transmit information–qualities that collectively sculpt a landscape of pricks, stabs, burns, throbs, cramps, and aches that we are unfortunate enough to experience.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u795e\u7d93\u7684\u672b\u7aef\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\u611f\u53d7\u5668\uff0c\u5206\u4f48\u5728\u76ae\u819a\u8868\u9762\u53ca\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5668\u5b98\u88cf\u3002\u4f9d\u7167\u50b7\u5bb3\u6240\u9020\u6210\u523a\u6fc0\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u800c\u6703\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u5927\u5c0f\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u75bc\u75db\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u523a\u6fc0\u7684\u7a2e\u985e\u6709\uff1a\u71d9\u3001\u51cd\u3001\u91cd\u58d3\u3001\u9178\u3001\u6bd2\u7d20\u3001\u53d7\u50b7\u548c\u767c\u708e\u6240\u5f15\u767c\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u7269\u8cea\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u2026Nociception is the sensory process by which we detect damage. Pain is the suffering that ensues. Last week, when I accidentally touched a hot pan, the nociceptors in my skin sensed the scalding temperatures. That’s nociception, which triggered a reflex that forced my arm to withdraw before I realized what was happening. Shortly after, signals from those nociceptors reached my brain, which produced feelings of discomfort and distress. That’s pain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The two are intimately linked but also distinct. Nociception occurred in my hand (and spinal cord); the pain was produced by my brain. They are the sensory and emotional halves of a process that, to most of us, feel inseparable.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u4ee5\u88ab\u8336\u58fa\u71d9\u5230\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u76ae\u819a\u4e0a\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\u611f\u53d7\u5668\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u9ad8\u6eab\u7684\u71d9\uff0c\u8a0a\u606f\u50b3\u5230\u810a\u690e\u96a8\u5373\u7522\u751f\u53cd\u5c04\u52d5\u4f5c\uff0c\u624b\u99ac\u4e0a\u5f48\u96e2\u71b1\u6e90\uff0c\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u8a0a\u606f\u50b3\u5230\u8166\u90e8\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u8212\u670d\u548c\u58d3\u529b\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u75bc\u75db\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u611f\u89ba\u53d7\u5230\u50b7\u5bb3\u7684\u662f\u76ae\u819a\u4e0a\u50b7\u5bb3\u611f\u53d7\u5668\u7684\u4f5c\u696d\uff0c\u800c\u75bc\u75db\u7684\u611f\u89ba\u5247\u662f\u8166\u888b\u7522\u751f\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u2026Some painkillers duplicate this effect by acting on the central nervous system to dull pain without affecting nociception\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201dI would still be fully aware that the sensation was there, but I felt very serene about it\u2026.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

People can also learn to ignore or even enjoy things that trigger nociceptors, like mustard, chilies, or intense heat.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6709\u4e9b\u6b62\u75db\u5291\u7684\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4f5c\u7528\u65bc\u920d\u5316\u4e2d\u6a1e\u795e\u7d93\u3002\u6211\u5011(\u7684\u672b\u68a2\u795e\u7d93)\u9084\u662f\u6703\u611f\u5230\u53d7\u50b7\u5bb3\uff0c\u4f46\u662f(\u8166\u888b\u4e2d\u7684)\u75bc\u75db\u611f\u537b\u6703\u8212\u7de9\u5f88\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u5b78\u7fd2\uff0c\u4f86\u5ffd\u8996\u751a\u81f3\u4eab\u53d7\u50b7\u5bb3\u611f\u53d7\u5668\u6240\u627f\u53d7\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\uff0c\u8af8\u5982\u82a5\u672b\u3001\u8fa3\u6912\u3001\u9ad8\u6eab\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNociception is an ancient sense. It is so widespread and consistent across the animal kingdom that the same chemicals, opioids, can quell the nociceptors of humans, chickens, trout, sea slugs, and fruit flies creatures separated by around 800 million years of evolution. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

But since pain is subjective, it is difficult to tell which creatures have it. Humans can barely do that with each other\u2026.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u611f\u89ba\u50b7\u5bb3\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f88\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5728\u52d5\u7269\u754c\uff0c\u7e31\u7136\u7d93\u6b77\u4e868\u5104\u5e74\u5206\u958b\u7684\u6f14\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u3001\u9dc4\u3001\u9c52\u9b5a\u3001\u6d77\u86de\u8753\u3001\u679c\u8805\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u5316\u5b78\u7269\u8cea\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u55ce\u5561\uff0c\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\u611f\u53d7\u5668\u90fd\u6709\u93ae\u5b9a\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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 \u201c\u2026in recent decades, and most scientists would now agree that mammals can feel pain. But fierce debates are still raging around other animal groups, including fish, insects, and crustaceans. At the core of these lingering controversies is the distinction between nociception and pain\u2026.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u8fd1\u5e7e\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u90fd\u540c\u610f\u54fa\u4e73\u52d5\u7269\u662f\u611f\u89ba\u5f97\u5230\u75bc\u75db\u7684\uff0c\u81f3\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u9b5a\u985e\u3001\u6606\u87f2\u3001\u7532\u6bbc\u985e\uff0c\u5247\u5b58\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u722d\u8b70\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u722d\u8b70\u9ede\u662f\u5728\u65bc\u50b7\u5bb3\u611f\u53d7\u548c\u75bc\u75db\u7684\u5dee\u5225\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cElwood studied the common hermit crab, which frequents European beaches and tucks its soft abdomen into empty seashells. These shells are valuable property, and the crabs are vulnerable without them. But Elwood and his colleague Mirjam Appel found that they will nonetheless evacuate if given a small electric shock. These flights looked reflexive, but the crabs didn’t always flee. It took a stronger shock to force them out of their favored periwinkle shells than it did to evict them from the less desirable flat-top shells. And they were half as likely to abandon their shells if they could smell the scent of predators in the water. “That told me that this isn’t a reflex,” Elwood says. In-stead, evacuation is a decision the crabs make after weighing up several sources of information.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe crabs also behaved differently long after the shocks. After fleeing, they wouldn’t return to their shells, despite being dangerously ex-posed. They groomed the part of their abdomens that got shocked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And even when they didn’t relinquish their shells, they were quicker to accept a new one without the usual careful investigations. These data, Elwood says, are consistent with the idea of pain, but it’s impossible to know what crustaceans are really feeling. “I’m often asked if crabs and lobsters feel pain,” he tells me,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“and after 15 years of research, the answer is maybe.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5bc4\u5c45\u87f9\u88ab\u96fb\u64ca\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u6700\u7d42\u6703\u96e2\u958b\u5b83\u7684\u5bc4\u5c45\u7684\u6bbc\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8981\u5b83\u96e2\u958b\u6bd4\u8f03\u559c\u611b\u7684\u6bbc\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u96fb\u64ca\u3002\u800c\u7576\u5b83\u5075\u6e2c\u5230\u6709\u63a0\u98df\u8005\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u88ab\u96fb\u64ca\u5f8c\u6703\u96e2\u958b\u6bbc\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\u6703\u6e1b\u534a\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u60c5\u6cc1\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u5bc4\u5c45\u87f9\u5c0d\u96fb\u64ca\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u53cd\u5c04\u52d5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In September 2010, the European Union extended its regulations on animal research to cephalopods the group that includes octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish. Being invertebrates, cephalopods aren’t usually covered by laws that protect the welfare of backboned lab animals like mice or monkeys. But they also have much larger nervous systems than most invertebrates- 500 million neurons in an octopus, compared to 100,000 in a fruit fly. They show intelligent and flexible behaviors that surpass those of some vertebrates like reptiles and amphibians… \u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6b50\u76df\u57282010\u5e74\uff0c\u628a\u52d5\u7269\u5be6\u9a57\u4e2d\u5c0d\u52d5\u7269\u798f\u5229\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u5f9e\u8001\u9f20\u548c\ud852\udc23\u5b50\u7b49\u9019\u4e9b\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u810a\u690e\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u628a\u982d\u8db3\u985e\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u9032\u4f86\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7ae0\u9b5a\u3001\u9b77\u9b5a\u3001\u70cf\u8cca\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c(Longfin squids) \u2026,they never touched, groomed, or cradled their wounds, the way humans, rats, and even hermit crabs do. They could easily reach their stump with any of their other seven arms, but they didn’t try.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Even more surprisingly, \u2026that injured squid behave as if their entire bodies were sore. When humans and other mammals get cut or bruised, the damaged area is painful but the rest of the body isn’t. If I singe my hand, it hurts when I prod the burn but not when I poke my foot. But when Crook damaged one of the squid’s fins, the nociceptors on the opposite fin were just as excitable as those on the wounded side\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9577\u9c2d\u9b77\u9b5a\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u5b83\u5c0d\u53d7\u50b7\u7684\u90e8\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e0d\u50cf\u9f20\u985e\u3001\u4eba\u985e\u6216\u5bc4\u5c45\u87f9\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u6703\u523b\u610f\u53bb\u7167\u62c2\u3002\u800c\u66f4\u4ee4\u4eba\u9a5a\u8a1d\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9577\u9c2d\u9b77\u9b5a\u4e00\u65e6\u53d7\u50b7\u4e86\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u53d7\u50b7\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u53d7\u5230\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u597d\u50cf\u5168\u8eab\u90fd\u53d7\u50b7\u4e86\u4e00\u6a23\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u201cOctopuses will sometimes break off an arm if its tip is injured. When that happens, the stump will be more sensitive than the arms around it, and octopuses will cradle that stump in their beaks\u2026.that octopuses will avoid places where they’ve been injected with acetic acid, but gravitate to places where they receive painkillers. And once they’re injected with local anesthetic, they stop grooming their injured arms\u2026.Octopuses are capable of experiencing pain\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ae0\u9b5a\u6709\u6642\u5019\u6703\u81ea\u65b7\u81c2\u8180\u4ee5\u653e\u68c4\u53d7\u50b7\u7684\u89f8\u624b\uff0c\u65b7\u81c2\u8655\u6703\u8b8a\u5f97\u7279\u5225\u654f\u611f\uff0c\u7ae0\u9b5a\u6703\u628a\u5b83\u653e\u5230\u5634\u5599\u88cf\u7167\u62c2\u3002\u7ae0\u9b5a\u6703\u907f\u958b\u66fe\u7d93\u6ce8\u5c04\u5b83\u4e59\u9178\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4f46\u6703\u53bb\u63a5\u8fd1\u5f97\u5230\u6b62\u75db\u5291\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u53d7\u50b7\u7684\u89f8\u624b\u4e00\u65e6\u6ce8\u5c04\u4e86\u9ebb\u85e5\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\ud84c\udfb4\u518d\u523b\u610f\u53bb\u7167\u62c2\u5b83\u4e86\u3002\u5f9e\u5404\u7a2e\u8de1\u8c61\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u7ae0\u9b5a\u662f\u6703\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u5230\u75bc\u75db\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Consider also the squid and octopuses. Both are cephalopods, but they’ve been evolving separately for more than 300 million years, roughly the same amount of time that separates mammals and birds. Their bodies and lifestyles are utterly different, so it’s no surprise that their nervous systems function very differently after injury. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9b77\u9b5a\u548c\u7ae0\u9b5a\u96d6\u7136\u90fd\u5c6c\u65bc\u982d\u8db3\u985e\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f9e3\u5104\u5e74\u524d\u5c31\u5206\u958b\u5404\u81ea\u6f14\u5316\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u548c\u54fa\u52d5\u7269\u8207\u9ce5\u985e\u5206\u958b\u7684\u6642\u9593\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u4e45\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u8eab\u9ad4\u7d50\u69cb\u548c\u68f2\u606f\u578b\u614b\u5dee\u7570\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u795e\u7d93\u7cfb\u7d71\u5728\u9762\u5c0d\u50b7\u5bb3\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u6703\u5f88\u4e0d\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5c31\ud84c\udfb4\u8db3\u70ba\u5947\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rather than asking if cephalopods experience pain, we might ask which ones experience it, and how. The same goes for the 34,000 known species of fish, the 67,000 known species of crustaceans, and the who-knows-how-many-million species of insects. It’s ridiculous to treat these groups as monolithic when we know, from other senses like vision and smell, that even closely related animals differ in how they perceive the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cInstead of focusing on whether pain even exists, we might ask, as physiologist Catherine Williams told me, “In which conditions and from which stimuli is it an advantage to have it, experience it, and display it?” <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7d50\u8ad6\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u6703\u518d\u7814\u7a76\u5230\u5e95\u75bc\u75db\u5b58\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5230\u5e95\u5728\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\u7684\u600e\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\uff0c\u5728\u751f\u7269\u64c1\u6709\u3001\u7d93\u6b77\u3001\u4e26\u5c55\u73fe\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c(\u5728\u6f14\u5316\u4e0a)\u662f\u6700\u6709\u76ca\u8655\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*\uff1aED Yong, \u201cAn Immense World,\u201d 2022, Random House\/New York<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2023\/9\/4 Pains Damakey<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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