{"id":36617,"date":"2023-08-23T16:26:00","date_gmt":"2023-08-23T08:26:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=36617"},"modified":"2023-09-26T16:28:40","modified_gmt":"2023-09-26T08:28:40","slug":"churchills-shadow-the-afterlife-of-winston-churchill","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=36617","title":{"rendered":"Churchill\u2019s Shadow, The Afterlife of Winston Churchill"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u4f60\u77e5\u9053\u5df2\u6545\u7684\u82f1\u570b\u524d\u9996\u76f8\uff0c\u9818\u5c0e\u82f1\u570b\u4eba\u6253\u5012\u5fb7\u570b\u7d0d\u7cb9\u7684\u90b1\u5409\u723e\uff0c\u548c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u662f\u7a2e\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u2026For so long a bitterly controversial figure, intensively disliked and distrusted, he was transformed at one extraordinary moment into a superhuman hero, and then gradually acquired an almost mythical status which make it hard to distinguish fact from fiction. Adulation has distorted our understanding about him, as he has been travestied on screen, appropriated and misappropriated, used and abused, and invoked on behalf of any number causes and enterprises which he might or might not have favored. Having been so derided once, then venerated above all others, he is now the object of angry contention once again. Angry, but futile; and for those who still wonder how a reactionary racist and imperialist could have been the savior of his country and of freedom, the best answer may be I.F. Stone\u2019s. Asked once how he, as an American radical, could possibly admire the notorious slave-owner Thomas Jefferson, Stone replied, \u2018Because history is a tragedy and not a melodrama.\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(\u90b1\u5409\u723e)\u9577\u671f\u4ee5\u4f86\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u5099\u53d7\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u4e0d\u559c\u6b61\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u4ed6\uff0c\u5728\u4e8c\u6230\u7684\u90a3\u500b\u5927\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u7279\u5225\u6642\u523b\uff0c\u4ed6\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u8d85\u4eba\u822c\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9010\u6f38\u53d6\u5f97\u795e\u8a71\u822c\u7684\u5d07\u9ad8\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u8b93\u4eba\u5f04\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u5230\u5e95\u54ea\u4e9b\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u771f\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u54ea\u4e9b\u90e8\u5206\u537b\u662f\u5047\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e16\u4eba\u5c0d\u4ed6\u6975\u5ea6\u7684\u5949\ud840\udd18\u5df2\u7d93\u626d\u66f2\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u4ed6\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u4eba\u5011\u5728\u9280\u5e55\u6216\u87a2\u5e55\u6a21\u4eff\u4ed6\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u6070\u7576\u6709\u4e9b\u4e0d\u6070\u7576\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5408\u9069\u6709\u4e9b\u5247\u6feb\u52a0\u5f15\u7533\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u4e3b\u5f35\u548c\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u5718\u9ad4\uff0c\u501f\u52a9\u65bc\u4ed6\u7684\u540d\u8072\uff0c\u4f46\u7528\u610f\u4e26\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u548c\u4ed6\u539f\u672c\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u5099\u53d7\u5632\u8af7\uff0c\u4e5f\u66fe\u5099\u53d7\u5c0a\u5d07\uff0c\u4ed6\u73fe\u5728\u53c8\u6210\u70ba\u5927\u5bb6\u6c23\u61a4\u8b70\u8ad6\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6c23\u61a4\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u7528\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u6c23\u61a4\u7684\u4eba\u81f3\u4eca\u9084\u5f04\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u53cd\u52d5\u7684\u7a2e\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3001\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6703\u8b8a\u6210\u570b\u5bb6\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u62ef\u6551\u8005\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

I.F. Stone \u6216\u8a31\u63d0\u4f9b\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u7576 I.F. Stone\u88ab\u554f\u5230\uff0c\u8eab\u70ba\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u524d\u885b\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u600e\u9ebc\u6703\u6b23\u8cde\u60e1\u540d\u662d\u5f70\u3001\u84c4\u5974\u7684Thomas Jefferson\u5462\uff1f\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6b77\u53f2\u662f\u60b2\u5287\u4e0d\u662f\u9b27\u5287\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Those words would have been understood by Winston Churchill, for all that his life was often played, and later reenacted, as melodrama. For its first forty years his career was erratic and largely unsuccessful. His judgement as a war time strategist was sometimes woeful, his postwar years were unsatisfactory and increasing sad, his legacy is flawed, and his posthumous influence has been little short of disastrous. So far from being a universal oracle of wisdom and virtue, few great men have been wrong so often, have made so many mistakes, or have held so many opinions and prejudices which were repugnant even at the time. So much that Churchill believed in it advocated has withered away or simply failed. British greatness and might are great or mighty no more, the names of the regiments in which he served aren\u2019t to be found on the shrunken Army List, the Royal Navy has a fraction of of the number of ships afloat it had when he was First Lord and the great shipyards of Tyneside and Clydeside and Merseyside which once built the ships are gone as well, \u2018the abiding power of the British Empire and Commonweath\u2019 abides no more, the Anglo-American \u2018special relationship\u2019 has repeated proved meaningless, and even the \u2018United States of Europe\u2019 Churchill dreamed of long ago has been a damaging illusion. Invocations of his name have again and again led to calamity, while in his own country, \u2018Churchillism\u2019 and the paralysing memory of the Finest Hour have deluded the British and prevented them from coming to terms with their true place in the world, and in America the Churchill cult has had measurably sorry consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u90b1\u5409\u723e\u5c0dI.F. Stone\u9019\u756a\u8a71\u61c9\u8a72\u9817\u6709\u540c\u611f\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u4ed6\u4eba\u751f\u7684\u7d93\u6b77\uff0c\u53cd\u8986\u53c8\u4e0d\u65b7\u91cd\u6f14\u7684\u9b27\u5287\u4e00\u6a23\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u90b1\u5409\u723e\u5728\u524d40\u5e74\u7684\u751f\u6daf\u662f\u8d77\u8d77\u4f0f\u4f0f\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u6210\u529f\u3002\u5f9e\u4ed6\u5728\u6230\u6642\u7684\u5224\u65b7\u6c7a\u5b9a\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u5019\u5247\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u5f88\u591a\u90b1\u5409\u723e\u7576\u6642\u5805\u4fe1\u63a8\u52d5\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u4ee5\u5931\u6557\u8fc5\u901f\u6d88\u5931\u544a\u7d42\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u800c\u5728\u82f1\u570b\u570b\u5167\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u90b1\u5409\u723e\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u5f80\u6614\u7f8e\u597d\u6642\u5149\u7684\u7559\u6200\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u82f1\u570b\u4eba\u9072\u9072\u7121\u6cd5\u8a8d\u6e05\u82f1\u570b\u5728\u771f\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e2d\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u90b1\u5409\u723e\u5d07\u62dc\uff0c\u5247\u5df2\u7d93\u9020\u6210\u5f88\u56b4\u91cd\u907a\u61be\u7684\u5f8c\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But he should have the last word. He had said of Lloyd George that he was a \u2018the leader, distrusted always who was trusted most when things were worst,\u2019 and so was Churchill, at the he one irredeemably sublime moment in his life, when he saved his country and saved freedom. Wrong about much else, was not wrong about \u2018the tragic simplicity and grandeur of the time\u2019 in 1940, and he was not wrong either.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u90b1\u5409\u723e\u6700\u7d42\u61c9\u8a72\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u5408\u7406\u7684\u8a55\u50f9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u66fe\u8aaaLloyd George\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\uff0c\u300c\u9818\u5c0e\u8005\uff0c\u7d93\u5e38\u4e0d\u88ab\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6700\u6025\u96e3\u7684\u6642\u5019\u5e38\u88ab\u59d4\u4ee5\u91cd\u4efb\u300d\u3002\u9019\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f86\u8a55\u50f9\u90b1\u5409\u723e\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u4eba\u751f\u8655\u65bc\u9ad8\u5cf0\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u62ef\u6551\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u548c(\u897f\u65b9\u50f9\u503c\u7684)\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In his noble speech paying tribute to Chamberlain on 12 November 1940, he had declared that \u2018Long and hard hazardous years lie before us, but at least we entered upon them united and with clean hearts\u2019 \u2014 something too few of those who have claimed Churchill\u2019s mantle since would be able to say. And he continued that, one day,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1940\u5e7411\u670812\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u7bc7\u60bc\u5ff5Chamberlain\u7684\u5049\u5927\u6f14\u8b1b\u4e2d\uff0c\u90b1\u6fa4\u5409\u723e\u5ba3\u7a31\uff0c\u300c\u5728\u672a\u4f86\u5e7e\u5e74\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u8fce\u4f86\u6f2b\u9577\u800c\u4e14\u8271\u56f0\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u65e5\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46\u81f3\u5c11\u6211\u5011\u662f\u4ee5\u5718\u7d50\u7684\u8d64\u5ff1\u4f86\u5171\u540c\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u63a5\u7e8c\u90b1\u5409\u723e\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7d71\u6cbb\u82f1\u570b\u7684\u8af8\u591a\u9818\u5c0e\u8005\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u9019\u9ebd\u52c7\u6562\u5ba3\u544a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u90b1\u5409\u723e\u5728\u90a3\u7bc7\u60bc\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u63a5\u8457\u662f\u9019\u9ebc\u8aaa\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

we may all pass our own conduct and our own judgements under a searching review. It is not given to human beings, happily for them, for otherwise life would be intolerable, to foresee or to predict to any large extent the unfolding course of events. In one phase men seem to have been right, in another they seem to have been wrong. Then again, a few years later, when the perspective of time has lengthened, all stands in a different setting. There is a new proportion. There is another scale of values. History with its flickering lamp stumbles along the trail of the past, trying to construct its scenes, to revive its echoes, and kindle with pale gleams the passion of formal days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u548c\u5224\u65b7\u5728\u672a\u4f86\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u70ba\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u7a76\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4eba\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u9810\u77e5\u672a\u4f86\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u77e5\u9053\u4e8b\u60c5\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u6703\u600e\u6a23\u6f14\u8b8a\uff0c\u9019\u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d3b\u5f97\u5929\u771f\u6d6a\u6f2b\uff0c\u4e0d\u7136\u4eba\u751f\u5c07\u8b8a\u5f97\u7121\u6cd5\u5fcd\u53d7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u800c\u5728\u5e7e\u5e74\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u9593\u62c9\u9577\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u8a2d\u5b9a\u5c31\u6703\u8b8a\u5f97\u4e0d\u540c\u4e86\u3002\u5c46\u6642\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u8b8a\u5f97\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6253\u8457\u9583\u720d\u7684\u71c8\uff0c\u6f2b\u6b65\u5728\u524d\u4eba\u8d70\u904e\u7684\u8def\u5f91\uff0c\u8a66\u8457\u53bb\u91cd\u5efa\u73fe\u5834\uff0c\u53bb\u8046\u807d\u904e\u53bb\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u8deb\u97f3\uff0c\u88ab\u524d\u4eba\u71b1\u60c5\u7684\u5fae\u5149\u9ede\u71c3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Those words are more fitting still for the man who spoke them\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9019\u4e9b\u5b57\u773c\uff0c\u66f4\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u8a55\u50f9\u8aaa\u51fa\u9019\u4e9b\u8a71\u7684\u90b1\u5409\u723e\u5462\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff5e\uff5e\uff5e\uff5e\uff5e\uff5e\uff5e\uff5e\uff5e\uff5e\uff5e\uff5e\uff5e\uff5e\uff5e\uff5e\uff5e\uff5e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c0d\u90b1\u5409\u723e\u662f\u7a2e\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u6307\u63a7\uff0c\u5176\u4f86\u6709\u81ea\u3002\u57282007\u5e74\u624d\u62ab\u9732\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u6253\u5b57\u7a3f\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8aaa\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u9732\u9aa8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIn 2007 his reputation was momentarily darkened when the type-script of an unpublished 1937 article came to light, called \u2018How the Jews Can Combat Persecution\u2019. Churchill had said, \u2018It may be that, unwittingly, they are inviting persecution \u2014 that they have been partly responsible for the antagonism from which they suffer,\u2019 and that \u2018There is the feeling that the Jew is an incorrigible alien, that his first loyalty will always be toward his own race.\u2019 It then transpired that this shocking piece didn\u2019t reflect badly on Churchill\u2019s personal prejudices, only on his casual working methods in charge of the word-factory: the dubious article was in fact by his ghostwriter Diston, who may have been asked by Churchill to write about the subject. It was most fortunately never published.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u7bc7\u57281937\u5e74\u5beb\u7684\u672a\u516c\u958b\u7684\u6253\u5b57\u7a3f\uff0c\u984c\u70ba\u300c\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u5c0d\u6297\u8feb\u5bb3\u300d\uff0c\u57282007\u5e74\u66dd\u5149\u4e86\uff0c\u77ac\u9593\u62c9\u9ed1\u4e86\u90b1\u5409\u723e\u7684\u8072\u8b7d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201c\u2026He strongly defend the Balfour Declaration, in accordance with which the British ought now to be \u2018bringing in as many [Jewish immigrants] as we can\u2019, although that was not in fact the official position of the government\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cThen he reiterate his lifelong contempt for Arabs and Islam. \u2018When the Mohammedan upset occurred in world history\u2019 , the Muslim hordes \u2018broke it all up, smashed it all up\u2019. The Zionist were today cultivating lands which under Arab rule had remained a desert, and \u2018will never be cultivated by the Arabs\u2019. Asked if the Muslims had not created a fine civilization in mediaeval Spain, Churchill replied briskly, \u2018I am glad they were thrown out.\u2019 And in all too revealing words, he said bluntly that British faced an inescapable choice: either \u2018facilitate the establishment of the Jewish National Home, or we are to hand over the government of the country to the people who happen to live there at the moment.\u2019 As he added, \u2018You cannot do both,\u2019 which was true enough.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cWhen asked by Peel whether there shouldn\u2019t be some compunction about \u2018downing the Arabs\u2019 merely because they wanted to remain in their own country, Churchill was more than blunt. The Palestinian Arabs could not be allowed to dictate the future of the country simply because they had lived there so long. \u2018I do not admit that right. I do not admit, for instance, that a great had been done to the Red Indian of America, or the black people by the fact that a stronger race, a higher-grade race, or, at any rate, a more worldly-wise race, to put it that way, has come in and taken their place. \u2019That  was what was happening in Palestine, Churchill thought: the Jews were taking over, and a good thing to do, since they were \u2018a higher-grade race\u2019 than the Arabs.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cBut we can indeed judge Churchill\u2019s views on race and empire by the standards \u2018of his time\u2019. Churchill\u2019s views were already retrograded in his own age, not ours, and whereas over the course of his long life other people\u2019s racial attitudes softened, his if anything hardened. His colleague Desmond Morton recorded how Churchill liked to talk of Africans as \u2018niggers\u2019, Chinese as \u2018pigtails\u2019 and Indians as \u2018baboos\u2019. By the 1930s many people were already ceasing to think in crude terms of higher and lower races. One other man did so, of course. Hitler believed that the Jews were a lower-grade race, who deserved to be persecuted and in the end exterminated. Churchill thought the Jews a higher-grade race who deserved to take over the Holy Land from the Palestinian Arabs. Were we forced to choose, Churchill is preferable to Hitler, but many did not wish to make choice even when he spoke, let alone today.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u88ab\u8feb\u5fc5\u9808\u9078\u64c7\u4e00\u4f4d\uff0c\u90b1\u5409\u723e\u6bd4\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7576\u6642\u5df2\u7d93\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u5169\u8005\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u66f4\u4f55\u6cc1\u4eca\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*\uff1aGeoffrey Wheatcroft, Churchill\u2019s Shadow, The Afterlife of Winston Churchill, 2021, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2023\/8\/23 Churchill\u2019s Shadow, The Afterlife of Winston Churchill Damakey<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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