{"id":36608,"date":"2023-08-21T16:19:00","date_gmt":"2023-08-21T08:19:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=36608"},"modified":"2023-09-26T16:20:55","modified_gmt":"2023-09-26T08:20:55","slug":"%e6%99%ba%e8%80%85%e7%94%9f%e5%ad%98","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damakey.com\/?p=36608","title":{"rendered":"\u667a\u8005\u751f\u5b58"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u300e\u2026\u2026\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u764c\u75c7\u672b\u671f\u75c5\u60a3\u65e2\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u6d3b\u4e45\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u537b\u9084\u6703\u9078\u64c7\u526f\u4f5c\u7528\u5f37\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6703\u7e2e\u77ed\u58fd\u547d\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u60a3\u8005\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u5fc3\u614b\uff0c\u5728\u884c\u70ba\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u4e2d\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u640d\u5931\u898f\u907f\u300d(loss aversion)\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u90fd\u4e0d\u559c\u6b61\u81ea\u5df1\u78ba\u5b9a\u6703\u8499\u53d7\u640d\u5931\u7684\u611f\u89ba\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6703\u53bb\u9078\u64c7\u591a\u5c11\u80fd\u6e1b\u8f15\u640d\u5931\u7684\u9078\u9805\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u7d93\u904e\u51b7\u975c\u601d\u8003\u5f8c\u53ef\u4ee5\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u80fd\u78ba\u5b9a\u640d\u5931\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u662f\u6bd4\u8f03\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u537b\u975e\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9047\u4e0a\u7684\u662f\u4ef6\u4e00\u8f29\u5b50\u53ea\u6703\u78b0\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u66f4\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u4e86\u3002\u300f*<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300e\u904e\u53bb\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u628a\u75c5\u60a3\u7f3a\u4e4f\u91ab\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u7576\u4f5c\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u7531\u91ab\u5e2b\u9078\u64c7\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u6700\u5408\u9069\u7684\u6cbb\u7642\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u300c\u5bb6\u9577\u5f0f\u9818\u5c0e\u300d(paternalism, \u6216\u7a31\u6eab\u60c5\u4e3b\u7fa9)\u9032\u884c\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u2026\u2026\u5728\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u73fe\u5834\uff0c\u63a1\u53d6\u300c\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u300d(informed consent)\u662f\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u539f\u4f86\u6307\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u300c\u91ab\u5e2b\u628a\u91ab\u7642\u76f8\u95dc\u8cc7\u8a0a\u63d0\u4f9b\u7d66\u75c5\u60a3\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u5728\u6e05\u695a\u6cbb\u7642\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u548c\u53ef\u80fd\u7522\u751f\u7684\u5f8c\u907a\u75c7\u6216\u526f\u4f5c\u7528\u5f8c\uff0c\u96d9\u65b9\u518d\u4f9d\u5faa\u6cbb\u7642\u65b9\u91dd\uff0c\u5728\u5f7c\u6b64\u90fd\u540c\u610f\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u505a\u51fa\u6c7a\u5b9a\u300d\u2026.. \u5f8c\u907a\u75c7\u548c\u526f\u4f5c\u7528\u767c\u751f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5\u6a5f\u7387\u4f86\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u8981\u8b93\u60a3\u8005\u2026\u2026\u9078\u64c7\u51fa\u4e00\u7a2e\u6cbb\u7642\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8457\u5be6\u4e0d\u662f\u4ef6\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u300f*<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300e\u2026\u2026\u5f9e\u884c\u70ba\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u5728\u505a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6642\uff0c\u537b\u5448\u73fe\u51fa\u6709\u7cfb\u7d71\u5730\u300c\u812b\u96e2\u300d\u6703\u505a\u51fa\u5408\u7406\u5224\u65b7\u7684\u50be\u5411\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u4e4b\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u504f\u8aa4(bias)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c31\u7b97\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6539\u8b8a\u5448\u73fe\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e5f\u6703\u96a8\u4e4b\u6539\u8b8a\u3002\u2026\u2026\u300f*<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u60a3\u8005\u548c\u91ab\u8b77\u4eba\u54e1\uff0c\u5728\u505a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6642\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u504f\u8aa4\u3002\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u5920\u8b93\u5927\u5bb6\u7406\u89e3\u9019\u7a2e\u504f\u8aa4\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5c07\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u505a\u51fa\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5224\u65b7\u548c\u6c7a\u7b56\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u80fd\u600e\u9ebc\u505a\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300a\u667a\u8005\u751f\u5b58\u300b\u9019\u672c\u66f8\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e09\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u5bb6\u9577\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d(libertarian paternalism)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300e\u2026\u2026\u80fd\u5920\u4ee5\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u4fdd\u969c\u500b\u4eba\u9078\u64c7\u81ea\u7531\u70ba\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u500b\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4eba\u5011\u9078\u64c7\u8f03\u4f73\u9078\u9805\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u601d\u8003\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u5bb6\u9577\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d(libertarian paternalism)\u3002\u2026\u2026\u300f*<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u610f\u601d\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u70ba\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u8aaa\u662f\u300c\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u300d(informed consent)\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u8b93\u60a3\u8005\u627f\u64d4\u6240\u6709\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u3002\u91ab\u8b77\u4eba\u54e1\uff0c\u4e0d\u59a8\u300e\u2026.. \u5229\u7528\u884c\u70ba\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5f80\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u6539\u8b8a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u300c\u52a9\u63a8\u300d\u3002\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u734e\u5f97\u4e3b\u7406\u5bdf\u00b7\u585e\u52d2(Richard\u2019s H. Thaler)\uff0c\u628a\u52a9\u63a8\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\uff1a\u300c(\u52a9\u63a8\u662f)\u65e2\u6c92\u6709\u7981\u6b62\u67d0\u7a2e\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u4e5f\u7121\u5927\u5e45\u6539\u8b8a\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0a\u7684\u8a98\u56e0\uff0c\u537b\u80fd\u5920\u628a\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u67b6\u69cb\u8b8a\u5f97\u53ef\u4ee5\u9810\u6e2c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8981\u7d20\u3002\u300d\u300f*<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300c\u63a8\u52a9\u300d(nudge)\uff0c\u539f\u610f\u7528\u7528\u624b\u8098\u8f15\u8f15\u63a8\u4e00\u628a\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u63d0\u9192\u548c\u52a9\u529b\uff0c\u7d55\u4e0d\u5c0d\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7981\u5236\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u7528\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u52d5\u6a5f\u4f86\u6539\u8b8a\u6c7a\u7b56\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4fc3\u9032\u5f62\u6210\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u300c\u63a8\u52a9\u300d\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u57f7\u884c\u4e0a\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u5c31\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u524d\u5927\u5bb6\u5c0d\u65bc\u81e8\u7d42\u91ab\u7642\uff0c\u8981\u561b\u662f\u75c5\u4eba\u5e0c\u671b\u5ef6\u547d\u7684\u4e0d\u5be6\u969b\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5bb6\u5c6c\u57fa\u65bc\u81ea\u5df1\u6216\u5728\u610f\u5225\u4eba\u7684\u773c\u5149\u60f3\u8868\u73fe\u300c\u5b5d\u9806\u300d\u7684\u5fc3\u610f\uff0c\u5805\u6301\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u6025\u6551\u6216\u52c9\u5f37\u5ef6\u547d\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u60a3\u8005\u672c\u8eab\u81e8\u7d42\u751f\u547d\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u54c1\u8cea\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9019\u5e7e\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u300c\u63a8\u52a9\u300d\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u4eba\u9078\u64c7\u4e86\u66f4\u6709\u751f\u547d\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u54c1\u8cea\u7684\u81e8\u7d42\u91ab\u7642\u7684\u5b89\u6392\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53e6\u5916\u5728\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u300c\u63a8\u52a9\u300d\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u9810\u5b9a\u91ab\u7642\u6c7a\u5b9a(AD, Advance Decision)\u8b8a\u5f97\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u60a3\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u795e\u5fd7\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u9810\u5148\u6c7a\u5b9a\u81e8\u7d42\u91ab\u7642\u53ca\u6025\u6551\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u800c\u5728\u91ab\u7642\u7684\u73fe\u5834\uff0c\u91ab\u7642\u4eba\u54e1\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u81ea\u6211\u63d0\u9192\u81ea\u5df1\u53ef\u80fd\u72af\u7684\u300c\u504f\u8aa4\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u80fd\u5920\u57fa\u65bc\u5c08\u696d\u63d0\u9192\u60a3\u8005\u671d\u5411\u66f4\u5408\u7406\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\u65b9\u5411\u601d\u8003(\u4e0d\u662f\u5e6b\u60a3\u8005\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4efb\u7531\u60a3\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u6c7a\u5b9a)\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u63a8\u52a9\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7528\u764c\u75c7\u672b\u671f\u60a3\u8005\u6c7a\u7b56\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u5e7e\u7a2e\u300c\u504f\u8aa4\u300d\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300c\u640d\u5931\u898f\u907f\u300d(loss aversion)\u504f\u8aa4\uff1a\u764c\u672b\u75c5\u60a3\u9078\u64c7\u300c\u81e8\u7d42\u91ab\u7642\u300d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u63a5\u53d7\u640d\u5931\u300d\u3002\u300e\u764c\u75c7\u672b\u671f\u7684\u60a3\u8005\u5c31\u7b97\u5df2\u7d93\u7121\u6cd5\u900f\u904e\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u6cbb\u7642\u633d\u56de\u5065\u5eb7\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u70ba\u6b64\u8499\u53d7\u5de8\u5927\u640d\u5931\uff0c\u4f46\u54ea\u6015\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u53ea\u67091%\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\u80fd\u7dad\u6301\u4ed6\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u9078\u9805\uff0c\u60a3\u8005\u9084\u662f\u6703\u6a02\u65bc\u627f\u64d4\u98a8\u96aa\u800c\u9078\u64c7\u5b83\u3002\u300f\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u6703\u72af\u7684\u300c\u640d\u5931\u898f\u907f\u300d\u504f\u8aa4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8981\u8ce3\u6389\u4e00\u652f\u8868\u73fe\u4e0d\u597d\u7684\u80a1\u7968\uff0c\u9032\u884c\u300c\u505c\u640d\u300d\uff0c\u5728\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\u662f\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u640d\u5931\u898f\u907f\u300d\u504f\u8aa4\u5728\u4f5c\u795f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8ce3\u6389\u80a1\u7968\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u764c\u672b\u75c5\u60a3\u63a5\u53d7\u300c\u81e8\u7d42\u91ab\u7642\u300d\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u662f\u627f\u8a8d\u4e86\u640d\u5931\u554a\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300c\u6377\u601d\u6cd5\u300d(Heuristics)\u504f\u8aa4\uff1a\u300e\u770b\u91cd\u624b\u908a\u7acb\u5373\u53ef\u5f97\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ea\u9760\u9019\u4e9b\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5c31\u505a\u6c7a\u7b56\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u764c\u672b\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u807d\u4fe1\u300c\u504f\u65b9\u300d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5178\u578b\u300c\u6377\u601d\u6cd5\u300d\u7684\u504f\u8aa4\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c0d\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8868\u73fe\u5f97\u592a\u6709\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u800c\u60a3\u8005\u628a\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7c21\u5316\u6210\u70ba\u53ef\u884c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e5f\u662f\u72af\u4e86\u300c\u6377\u601d\u6cd5\u300d(Heuristics)\u504f\u8aa4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8cb7\u8ce3\u80a1\u7968\u807d\u4fe1\u300c\u540d\u724c\u300d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u300c\u6377\u601d\u6cd5\u300d(Heuristics)\u504f\u8aa4\u554a\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u884c\u70ba\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u6703\u72af\u504f\u8aa4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6703\u4e0d\u81ea\u77e5\u505a\u51fa\u4e0d\u5920\u7406\u6027\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u4e0d\u6b62\u300c\u640d\u5931\u898f\u907f\u300d\u548c\u300c\u6377\u601d\u6cd5\u300d\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u504f\u8aa4\u800c\u5df1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u60a3\u8005\u3001\u5bb6\u5c6c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u91ab\u8b77\u4eba\u54e1\uff0c\u90fd\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u9019\u4e9b\u504f\u8aa4\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5728\u9032\u884c\u91ab\u7642\u6c7a\u7b56\u6642\u8981\u4e92\u76f8\u63d0\u9192\u4ee5\u907f\u96e3\u9677\u5165\u504f\u8aa4\u7684\u9677\u9631(\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u63a8\u52a9)\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5c31\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u5f62\u6210\u6700\u4f73\u5316\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*\uff1a\u5927\u7af9\u6587\u96c4 \u5e73\u4e95\u5553 \u8457 \u6797\u5dcd\u7ff0 \u8b6f\uff0c\u300a\u667a\u8005\u751f\u5b58\u300b\uff0c2021\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u5927\u724c\u51fa\u7248\/\u9060\u8db3\u6587\u5316\u4e8b\u696d\u80a1\u4efd\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

2023\/8\/21 \u667a\u8005\u751f\u5b58 Damakey<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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